Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments

Lacey, Kathryn; Parvazian, Ershad; Dunlop-Potts, Sarah-Jane; Dunlop, Tom; McGettrick, James; Seunarine, Kris; Jewell, Eifion; Davies, Matthew; Carnie, Matt; Watson, Trystan

doi:10.1038/s43246-025-00993-y

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Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments

Kathryn Lacey, Ershad Parvazian, Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts

, Tom Dunlop

, James McGettrick

, Kris Seunarine, Eifion Jewell

, Matthew Davies

, Matt Carnie

, Trystan Watson

Communications Materials, Volume: 6, Start page: 266

Swansea University Authors: Kathryn Lacey, Ershad Parvazian, Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts , Tom Dunlop , James McGettrick , Kris Seunarine, Eifion Jewell , Matthew Davies , Matt Carnie , Trystan Watson

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DOI (Published version): 10.1038/s43246-025-00993-y

Abstract

Production of silicon solar cells necessitates cleanrooms to prevent dust contamination, which can lead to defects and reduced performance. This poses challenges for scaling up manufacturing and improving accessibility for device manufacture in less developed economies as cleanrooms represent an exp...

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Published in:	Communications Materials
ISSN:	2662-4443
Published:	Springer Nature 2025
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70924

first_indexed	2025-11-17T12:49:42Z
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This poses challenges for scaling up manufacturing and improving accessibility for device manufacture in less developed economies as cleanrooms represent an expensive and energy intensive investment, and so it is key that the next generation of solar technology differentiates from this. Perovskite has the potential to be far more robust and resilient to defects caused by dust particles, which then impacts on the capital cost of the equipment required for manufacture. This study evaluates the effects of non-conductive dust on planar perovskite devices, testing two different device structures with efficiencies exceeding 16%, testing an active area of 0.09 cm2. The setup simulated dust settling during the manufacturing process, expecting compromised performance in contaminated devices. Results revealed that devices with dust performed similarly to clean ones, with only limited losses in some performance metrics. 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Additional support was received from the SPECIFIC Innovation and Knowledge Centre by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council Programme Grant ATIP (Application Targeted and Integrated Photovoltaics) [EP/T028513/1], and the Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) facility at Swansea University which was funded in part by the EPSRC [EP/M028267/1].</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2026-01-12T21:23:08.3716378</lastEdited><Created>2025-11-17T12:45:17.3787344</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Kathryn</firstname><surname>Lacey</surname><orcid/><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Ershad</firstname><surname>Parvazian</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Sarah-Jane</firstname><surname>Dunlop-Potts</surname><orcid>0000-0003-0208-2364</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Tom</firstname><surname>Dunlop</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5851-8713</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>James</firstname><surname>McGettrick</surname><orcid>0000-0002-7719-2958</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Kris</firstname><surname>Seunarine</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Eifion</firstname><surname>Jewell</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6894-2251</orcid><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Matthew</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2595-5121</orcid><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Matt</firstname><surname>Carnie</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4232-1967</orcid><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Trystan</firstname><surname>Watson</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8015-1436</orcid><order>10</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>70924__35851__2f130d0d80a940b1a92645ef02a70ac5.pdf</filename><originalFilename>70924.VOR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2025-12-18T13:50:40.5912391</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>7076575</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>© The Author(s) 2025. 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spelling	2026-01-12T21:23:08.3716378 v2 70924 2025-11-17 Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments a482d8085289c43024bb5ccaa5bfde3d Kathryn Lacey Kathryn Lacey true false 59dc6f18dde94e2a5fb2edd858270ec3 Ershad Parvazian Ershad Parvazian true false 8c536622ba65fa1e04912d0e2ede88f7 0000-0003-0208-2364 Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts true false 809395460ab1e6b53a906b136d919c41 0000-0002-5851-8713 Tom Dunlop Tom Dunlop true false bdbacc591e2de05180e0fd3cc13fa480 0000-0002-7719-2958 James McGettrick James McGettrick true false 38fae8a94d88645c1b29fbd448a1c981 Kris Seunarine Kris Seunarine true false 13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07 0000-0002-6894-2251 Eifion Jewell Eifion Jewell true false 4ad478e342120ca3434657eb13527636 0000-0003-2595-5121 Matthew Davies Matthew Davies true false 73b367694366a646b90bb15db32bb8c0 0000-0002-4232-1967 Matt Carnie Matt Carnie true false a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 0000-0002-8015-1436 Trystan Watson Trystan Watson true false 2025-11-17 EAAS Production of silicon solar cells necessitates cleanrooms to prevent dust contamination, which can lead to defects and reduced performance. This poses challenges for scaling up manufacturing and improving accessibility for device manufacture in less developed economies as cleanrooms represent an expensive and energy intensive investment, and so it is key that the next generation of solar technology differentiates from this. Perovskite has the potential to be far more robust and resilient to defects caused by dust particles, which then impacts on the capital cost of the equipment required for manufacture. This study evaluates the effects of non-conductive dust on planar perovskite devices, testing two different device structures with efficiencies exceeding 16%, testing an active area of 0.09 cm2. The setup simulated dust settling during the manufacturing process, expecting compromised performance in contaminated devices. Results revealed that devices with dust performed similarly to clean ones, with only limited losses in some performance metrics. High tolerance to contamination suggests that perovskite technology may remain operational under less controlled environments. These findings point toward a more accessible fabrication route reducing dependence on expensive cleanroom conditions typically required for silicon-based technologies. Journal Article Communications Materials 6 266 Springer Nature 2662-4443 24 11 2025 2025-11-24 10.1038/s43246-025-00993-y COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University External research funder(s) paid the OA fee (includes OA grants disbursed by the Library) This work was made possible by the funding supplied by the STRIP5 Prosperity Partnership [EP/X025217/1]. Additional support was received from the SPECIFIC Innovation and Knowledge Centre by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council Programme Grant ATIP (Application Targeted and Integrated Photovoltaics) [EP/T028513/1], and the Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) facility at Swansea University which was funded in part by the EPSRC [EP/M028267/1]. 2026-01-12T21:23:08.3716378 2025-11-17T12:45:17.3787344 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering Kathryn Lacey 1 Ershad Parvazian 2 Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts 0000-0003-0208-2364 3 Tom Dunlop 0000-0002-5851-8713 4 James McGettrick 0000-0002-7719-2958 5 Kris Seunarine 6 Eifion Jewell 0000-0002-6894-2251 7 Matthew Davies 0000-0003-2595-5121 8 Matt Carnie 0000-0002-4232-1967 9 Trystan Watson 0000-0002-8015-1436 10 70924__35851__2f130d0d80a940b1a92645ef02a70ac5.pdf 70924.VOR.pdf 2025-12-18T13:50:40.5912391 Output 7076575 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments
spellingShingle	Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments Kathryn Lacey Ershad Parvazian Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts Tom Dunlop James McGettrick Kris Seunarine Eifion Jewell Matthew Davies Matt Carnie Trystan Watson
title_short	Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments
title_full	Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments
title_fullStr	Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments
title_full_unstemmed	Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments
title_sort	Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments
author_id_str_mv	a482d8085289c43024bb5ccaa5bfde3d 59dc6f18dde94e2a5fb2edd858270ec3 8c536622ba65fa1e04912d0e2ede88f7 809395460ab1e6b53a906b136d919c41 bdbacc591e2de05180e0fd3cc13fa480 38fae8a94d88645c1b29fbd448a1c981 13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07 4ad478e342120ca3434657eb13527636 73b367694366a646b90bb15db32bb8c0 a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457
author_id_fullname_str_mv	a482d8085289c43024bb5ccaa5bfde3d_*_Kathryn Lacey 59dc6f18dde94e2a5fb2edd858270ec3__Ershad Parvazian 8c536622ba65fa1e04912d0e2ede88f7__Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts 809395460ab1e6b53a906b136d919c41__Tom Dunlop bdbacc591e2de05180e0fd3cc13fa480__James McGettrick 38fae8a94d88645c1b29fbd448a1c981__Kris Seunarine 13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07__Eifion Jewell 4ad478e342120ca3434657eb13527636__Matthew Davies 73b367694366a646b90bb15db32bb8c0__Matt Carnie a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457_*_Trystan Watson
author	Kathryn Lacey Ershad Parvazian Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts Tom Dunlop James McGettrick Kris Seunarine Eifion Jewell Matthew Davies Matt Carnie Trystan Watson
author2	Kathryn Lacey Ershad Parvazian Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts Tom Dunlop James McGettrick Kris Seunarine Eifion Jewell Matthew Davies Matt Carnie Trystan Watson
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container_title	Communications Materials
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container_start_page	266
publishDate	2025
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issn	2662-4443
doi_str_mv	10.1038/s43246-025-00993-y
publisher	Springer Nature
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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description	Production of silicon solar cells necessitates cleanrooms to prevent dust contamination, which can lead to defects and reduced performance. This poses challenges for scaling up manufacturing and improving accessibility for device manufacture in less developed economies as cleanrooms represent an expensive and energy intensive investment, and so it is key that the next generation of solar technology differentiates from this. Perovskite has the potential to be far more robust and resilient to defects caused by dust particles, which then impacts on the capital cost of the equipment required for manufacture. This study evaluates the effects of non-conductive dust on planar perovskite devices, testing two different device structures with efficiencies exceeding 16%, testing an active area of 0.09 cm2. The setup simulated dust settling during the manufacturing process, expecting compromised performance in contaminated devices. Results revealed that devices with dust performed similarly to clean ones, with only limited losses in some performance metrics. High tolerance to contamination suggests that perovskite technology may remain operational under less controlled environments. These findings point toward a more accessible fabrication route reducing dependence on expensive cleanroom conditions typically required for silicon-based technologies.
published_date	2025-11-24T05:33:58Z
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score	11.096027

Manufacturing planar perovskite solar cells in dusty environments

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