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Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
,
Rebecca Bolton ,
Carys Worsley,
Tom Griffiths,
Luke Ardolino,
Kathryn Lacey,
Ershad Parvazian,
Eifion Jewell ,
Trystan Watson
Advanced Materials Technologies, Volume: 11, Issue: 2
Swansea University Authors:
Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts , Carys Worsley, Tom Griffiths, Luke Ardolino, Kathryn Lacey, Ershad Parvazian, Eifion Jewell , Trystan Watson
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DOI (Published version): 10.1002/admt.202501313
Abstract
Mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) composed of screen-printed TiO2, ZrO2, and carbon layers offer a pathway to stable, scalable, low-cost photovoltaics via commercially mature fabrication methods. While their potential lifespan has been demonstrated under standardized conditions...
| Published in: | Advanced Materials Technologies |
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| ISSN: | 2365-709X 2365-709X |
| Published: |
Wiley
2026
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| Online Access: |
Check full text
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| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70409 |
| Abstract: |
Mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) composed of screen-printed TiO2, ZrO2, and carbon layers offer a pathway to stable, scalable, low-cost photovoltaics via commercially mature fabrication methods. While their potential lifespan has been demonstrated under standardized conditions, few studies examine the behavior of large-area modules exposed to real-world environments. Here, 12 months of outdoor weathering data are presented for 518 cm2 active area MAPbI3 modules with over 80% geometric fill factor, fabricated using low-cost mechanical scribing. Modules exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 9.4% under 1 sun, with PCE increasing at lower light intensities. Following outdoor continuous intermittent power point tracking for over 12 months, an encapsulated module retained 68% of its initial PCE. Performance remained stable during cooler months, only falling when temperatures rose during summer months. Similar temperature-dependent trends are observed in repeated trials. Weathering trials identified key degradation pathways linked to fabrication—namely, non-uniform heating during perovskite annealing, encapsulation, and infiltration-related failures. Controlling heat exposure and conformity during module manufacture and operation is therefore critical to extending lifetime. These results highlight the importance of real-condition assessments in optimizing the scale-up of novel perovskite technologies, providing key insights into the steps required to achieve commercially viable lifetimes. |
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| Keywords: |
mechanical scribing; outdoor testing; perovskite solar modules |
| College: |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| Funders: |
Royal Society (ICA\R1\191321); Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M028267/1, EP/T028513/1, EP/X025217/1) |
| Issue: |
2 |