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Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months

Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts Orcid Logo, Rebecca Bolton Orcid Logo, Carys Worsley, Tom Griffiths, Luke Ardolino, Kathryn Lacey, Ershad Parvazian, Eifion Jewell Orcid Logo, Trystan Watson Orcid Logo

Advanced Materials Technologies, Volume: 11, Issue: 2

Swansea University Authors: Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts Orcid Logo, Carys Worsley, Tom Griffiths, Luke Ardolino, Kathryn Lacey, Ershad Parvazian, Eifion Jewell Orcid Logo, Trystan Watson Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1002/admt.202501313

Abstract

Mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) composed of screen-printed TiO2, ZrO2, and carbon layers offer a pathway to stable, scalable, low-cost photovoltaics via commercially mature fabrication methods. While their potential lifespan has been demonstrated under standardized conditions...

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Published in: Advanced Materials Technologies
ISSN: 2365-709X 2365-709X
Published: Wiley 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70409
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While their potential lifespan has been demonstrated under standardized conditions, few studies examine the behavior of large-area modules exposed to real-world environments. Here, 12 months of outdoor weathering data are presented for 518 cm2 active area MAPbI3 modules with over 80% geometric fill factor, fabricated using low-cost mechanical scribing. Modules exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 9.4% under 1 sun, with PCE increasing at lower light intensities. Following outdoor continuous intermittent power point tracking for over 12 months, an encapsulated module retained 68% of its initial PCE. Performance remained stable during cooler months, only falling when temperatures rose during summer months. Similar temperature-dependent trends are observed in repeated trials. Weathering trials identified key degradation pathways linked to fabrication&#x2014;namely, non-uniform heating during perovskite annealing, encapsulation, and infiltration-related failures. 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spelling 2026-01-27T16:37:10.3470323 v2 70409 2025-09-19 Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months 8c536622ba65fa1e04912d0e2ede88f7 0000-0003-0208-2364 Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts true false e74e27838a54d9df1fe7c5ee2cb8a126 Carys Worsley Carys Worsley true false 916d20a97379a86b2614ad4cbc2fe9e6 Tom Griffiths Tom Griffiths true false 2f1abab1d1a8398f0ac6d7cc23448e2a Luke Ardolino Luke Ardolino true false a482d8085289c43024bb5ccaa5bfde3d Kathryn Lacey Kathryn Lacey true false 59dc6f18dde94e2a5fb2edd858270ec3 Ershad Parvazian Ershad Parvazian true false 13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07 0000-0002-6894-2251 Eifion Jewell Eifion Jewell true false a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 0000-0002-8015-1436 Trystan Watson Trystan Watson true false 2025-09-19 ACEM Mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) composed of screen-printed TiO2, ZrO2, and carbon layers offer a pathway to stable, scalable, low-cost photovoltaics via commercially mature fabrication methods. While their potential lifespan has been demonstrated under standardized conditions, few studies examine the behavior of large-area modules exposed to real-world environments. Here, 12 months of outdoor weathering data are presented for 518 cm2 active area MAPbI3 modules with over 80% geometric fill factor, fabricated using low-cost mechanical scribing. Modules exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 9.4% under 1 sun, with PCE increasing at lower light intensities. Following outdoor continuous intermittent power point tracking for over 12 months, an encapsulated module retained 68% of its initial PCE. Performance remained stable during cooler months, only falling when temperatures rose during summer months. Similar temperature-dependent trends are observed in repeated trials. Weathering trials identified key degradation pathways linked to fabrication—namely, non-uniform heating during perovskite annealing, encapsulation, and infiltration-related failures. Controlling heat exposure and conformity during module manufacture and operation is therefore critical to extending lifetime. These results highlight the importance of real-condition assessments in optimizing the scale-up of novel perovskite technologies, providing key insights into the steps required to achieve commercially viable lifetimes. Journal Article Advanced Materials Technologies 11 2 Wiley 2365-709X 2365-709X mechanical scribing; outdoor testing; perovskite solar modules 1 1 2026 2026-01-01 10.1002/admt.202501313 COLLEGE NANME Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE ACEM Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Royal Society (ICA\R1\191321); Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M028267/1, EP/T028513/1, EP/X025217/1) 2026-01-27T16:37:10.3470323 2025-09-19T15:32:40.2909959 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts 0000-0003-0208-2364 1 Rebecca Bolton 0000-0003-1183-2649 2 Carys Worsley 3 Tom Griffiths 4 Luke Ardolino 5 Kathryn Lacey 6 Ershad Parvazian 7 Eifion Jewell 0000-0002-6894-2251 8 Trystan Watson 0000-0002-8015-1436 9 70409__35239__f0256227982847eb8f624cd26ebe9791.pdf 70409.VoR.pdf 2025-10-03T12:59:47.3577948 Output 2973630 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
spellingShingle Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts
Carys Worsley
Tom Griffiths
Luke Ardolino
Kathryn Lacey
Ershad Parvazian
Eifion Jewell
Trystan Watson
title_short Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
title_full Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
title_fullStr Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
title_full_unstemmed Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
title_sort Outdoor Stability of 518 cm2 Active Area Screen-Printed Mesoscopic Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules Over 12 Months
author_id_str_mv 8c536622ba65fa1e04912d0e2ede88f7
e74e27838a54d9df1fe7c5ee2cb8a126
916d20a97379a86b2614ad4cbc2fe9e6
2f1abab1d1a8398f0ac6d7cc23448e2a
a482d8085289c43024bb5ccaa5bfde3d
59dc6f18dde94e2a5fb2edd858270ec3
13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07
a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457
author_id_fullname_str_mv 8c536622ba65fa1e04912d0e2ede88f7_***_Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts
e74e27838a54d9df1fe7c5ee2cb8a126_***_Carys Worsley
916d20a97379a86b2614ad4cbc2fe9e6_***_Tom Griffiths
2f1abab1d1a8398f0ac6d7cc23448e2a_***_Luke Ardolino
a482d8085289c43024bb5ccaa5bfde3d_***_Kathryn Lacey
59dc6f18dde94e2a5fb2edd858270ec3_***_Ershad Parvazian
13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07_***_Eifion Jewell
a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457_***_Trystan Watson
author Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts
Carys Worsley
Tom Griffiths
Luke Ardolino
Kathryn Lacey
Ershad Parvazian
Eifion Jewell
Trystan Watson
author2 Sarah-Jane Dunlop-Potts
Rebecca Bolton
Carys Worsley
Tom Griffiths
Luke Ardolino
Kathryn Lacey
Ershad Parvazian
Eifion Jewell
Trystan Watson
format Journal article
container_title Advanced Materials Technologies
container_volume 11
container_issue 2
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 2365-709X
2365-709X
doi_str_mv 10.1002/admt.202501313
publisher Wiley
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) composed of screen-printed TiO2, ZrO2, and carbon layers offer a pathway to stable, scalable, low-cost photovoltaics via commercially mature fabrication methods. While their potential lifespan has been demonstrated under standardized conditions, few studies examine the behavior of large-area modules exposed to real-world environments. Here, 12 months of outdoor weathering data are presented for 518 cm2 active area MAPbI3 modules with over 80% geometric fill factor, fabricated using low-cost mechanical scribing. Modules exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 9.4% under 1 sun, with PCE increasing at lower light intensities. Following outdoor continuous intermittent power point tracking for over 12 months, an encapsulated module retained 68% of its initial PCE. Performance remained stable during cooler months, only falling when temperatures rose during summer months. Similar temperature-dependent trends are observed in repeated trials. Weathering trials identified key degradation pathways linked to fabrication—namely, non-uniform heating during perovskite annealing, encapsulation, and infiltration-related failures. Controlling heat exposure and conformity during module manufacture and operation is therefore critical to extending lifetime. These results highlight the importance of real-condition assessments in optimizing the scale-up of novel perovskite technologies, providing key insights into the steps required to achieve commercially viable lifetimes.
published_date 2026-01-01T05:32:50Z
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score 11.096068

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