Journal article 275 views 612 downloads
Survey: 3D watermarking techniques
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Gary Tam
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, Volume: 112, Start page: 104572
Swansea University Author:
Gary Tam
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© 2025 The Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license.
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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.jvcir.2025.104572
Abstract
In today’s world, 3D multimedia data is widely utilized in diverse fields such as military, medical, and remote sensing. The advancement of multimedia technologies, however, exposes 3D multimedia content to an increasing risk of malicious interventions. It has become highly essential to implement se...
| Published in: | Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation |
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| ISSN: | 1047-3203 1095-9076 |
| Published: |
Elsevier Inc.
2025
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| Online Access: |
Check full text
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| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70204 |
| Abstract: |
In today’s world, 3D multimedia data is widely utilized in diverse fields such as military, medical, and remote sensing. The advancement of multimedia technologies, however, exposes 3D multimedia content to an increasing risk of malicious interventions. It has become highly essential to implement security measures ensuring the authenticity and copyright protection of 3D multimedia content. Watermarking is considered one of the most reliable and practical approaches for this purpose. This work provides an in-depth and up-to-date overview of various 3D watermarking methods, covering different data forms, including 3D images, 3D videos, 3D meshes, point clouds, and NeRF. We have categorized these methods from multiple perspectives, comparing their respective advantages and disadvantages. The study also identifies attacks based on data type and discusses metrics for evaluating the methods according to their intended use and data type. We further present observations, research issues, challenges, and future directions for 3D watermarking. This includes strength factor optimization, copyright concerns related to 3D printed objects, detection and recovery of tampered areas, and watermarking in 4D (3D Dynamic) and NeRF domains. |
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| Item Description: |
Review |
| Keywords: |
3D watermarking; 3D image/video; 3D mesh/point cloud; NeRF |
| College: |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| Funders: |
This study received support from the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the 2219 postdoctoral fellowship support program, project number 1059B192202811. Tam acknowledges partial support from a Royal Society fund (IEC/NSFC/211159). Additionally, the study received partial visiting researcher support from the Faculty of Engineering at Swansea University. The authors express gratitude to TUBITAK, Kayseri University, and Swansea University for their support. |
| Start Page: |
104572 |