Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men

Hornby-Foster, Ian; Richards, Cory T.; Drane, Aimee; Lodge, Freya M.; Stembridge, Michael; Lord, Rachel N.; Davey, Hannah; Yousef, Zaheer; A., Christopher J.

doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05598-w

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Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men

Ian Hornby-Foster, Cory T. Richards, Aimee Drane

, Freya M. Lodge, Michael Stembridge, Rachel N. Lord, Hannah Davey, Zaheer Yousef, Christopher J. A. Pugh

European Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume: 125, Issue: 1, Pages: 131 - 144

Swansea University Author: Aimee Drane

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DOI (Published version): 10.1007/s00421-024-05598-w

Abstract

Purpose: Central arterial stiffness, a predictor of cardiovascular risk, attenuates with endurance-exercise in ageing populations. However, in young individuals, this effect is inconsistent and emerging evidence suggests resistance-exercise may increase arterial stiffness. Two-dimensional (2D)-Strai...

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Published in:	European Journal of Applied Physiology
ISSN:	1439-6319 1439-6327
Published:	Springer Nature 2025
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71375

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Two-dimensional (2D)-Strain imaging of the common carotid artery (CCA) is more sensitive at detecting endurance-training induced alterations in CCA stiffness than conventional methods, but has not been used to examine CCA stiffness in young resistance-trained individuals. Therefore, we compared CCA 2D-Strain parameters at rest, during acute exercise and recovery between resistance-trained, endurance-trained, and untrained young men. Methods: Short-axis CCA ultrasound images were obtained from 12 endurance-trained [27yrs (95%CI; 24–29)], 14 resistance-trained [24yrs (23–26)] and 12 untrained [23yrs (22–24] men at rest, during isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise and recovery. 2D-Strain analysis quantified CCA peak circumferential strain (PCS) and systolic (S-SR) and diastolic (D-SR) strain rates. Conventional stiffness indices included aortic pulse-wave velocity, CCA β-stiffness (β1) and Petersons elastic modulus (Ep). Results: Resting conventional stiffness indices were not different between groups (P > 0.05). Resting PCS and S-SR were comparable between resistance- [11.6% (10.6–12.5) and 1.46 s−1 (1.37–1.55), respectively] and endurance-trained [11.4% (10.7–12.2) and 1.5 s−1 (1.38–1.62)] men and superior to untrained men [9.5% (9.19–9.9); P < 0.004 and 1.24 s−1 (1.17 – 1.31); P < 0.018)]. Both trained groups displayed comparable reductions in PCS and S-SR during IHG, which returned to resting values during recovery (P < 0.001), whereas these parameters remained unchanged in untrained men. D-SR decreased during IHG in all groups (P < 0.001), but to a lesser extent in endurance-trained men (P < 0.023), whereas β1 and Ep increased to a similar magnitude in all groups and returned to resting values during recovery (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Resistance- and endurance-trained men display comparable CCA 2D-Strain parameters that are superior to untrained men, which contends previous reports that resistance-training increases CCA stiffness.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>European Journal of Applied Physiology</journal><volume>125</volume><journalNumber>1</journalNumber><paginationStart>131</paginationStart><paginationEnd>144</paginationEnd><publisher>Springer Nature</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>1439-6319</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1439-6327</issnElectronic><keywords>Two-dimensional strain imaging; Carotid artery stiffness; Resistance-exercise; Endurance-exercise; Arterial health</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>1</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2025</publishedYear><publishedDate>2025-01-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1007/s00421-024-05598-w</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Health and Social Care School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>HSOC</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>Another institution paid the OA fee</apcterm><funders/><projectreference/><lastEdited>2026-02-03T10:10:27.2959093</lastEdited><Created>2026-02-03T10:01:27.8826783</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Ian</firstname><surname>Hornby-Foster</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Cory T.</firstname><surname>Richards</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Aimee</firstname><surname>Drane</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5208-917X</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Freya M.</firstname><surname>Lodge</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Michael</firstname><surname>Stembridge</surname><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Rachel N.</firstname><surname>Lord</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Hannah</firstname><surname>Davey</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Zaheer</firstname><surname>Yousef</surname><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Christopher J. 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spelling	2026-02-03T10:10:27.2959093 v2 71375 2026-02-03 Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men 32adcb7b814aa529984f3a80d902215f 0000-0002-5208-917X Aimee Drane Aimee Drane true false 2026-02-03 HSOC Purpose: Central arterial stiffness, a predictor of cardiovascular risk, attenuates with endurance-exercise in ageing populations. However, in young individuals, this effect is inconsistent and emerging evidence suggests resistance-exercise may increase arterial stiffness. Two-dimensional (2D)-Strain imaging of the common carotid artery (CCA) is more sensitive at detecting endurance-training induced alterations in CCA stiffness than conventional methods, but has not been used to examine CCA stiffness in young resistance-trained individuals. Therefore, we compared CCA 2D-Strain parameters at rest, during acute exercise and recovery between resistance-trained, endurance-trained, and untrained young men. Methods: Short-axis CCA ultrasound images were obtained from 12 endurance-trained [27yrs (95%CI; 24–29)], 14 resistance-trained [24yrs (23–26)] and 12 untrained [23yrs (22–24] men at rest, during isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise and recovery. 2D-Strain analysis quantified CCA peak circumferential strain (PCS) and systolic (S-SR) and diastolic (D-SR) strain rates. Conventional stiffness indices included aortic pulse-wave velocity, CCA β-stiffness (β1) and Petersons elastic modulus (Ep). Results: Resting conventional stiffness indices were not different between groups (P > 0.05). Resting PCS and S-SR were comparable between resistance- [11.6% (10.6–12.5) and 1.46 s−1 (1.37–1.55), respectively] and endurance-trained [11.4% (10.7–12.2) and 1.5 s−1 (1.38–1.62)] men and superior to untrained men [9.5% (9.19–9.9); P < 0.004 and 1.24 s−1 (1.17 – 1.31); P < 0.018)]. Both trained groups displayed comparable reductions in PCS and S-SR during IHG, which returned to resting values during recovery (P < 0.001), whereas these parameters remained unchanged in untrained men. D-SR decreased during IHG in all groups (P < 0.001), but to a lesser extent in endurance-trained men (P < 0.023), whereas β1 and Ep increased to a similar magnitude in all groups and returned to resting values during recovery (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Resistance- and endurance-trained men display comparable CCA 2D-Strain parameters that are superior to untrained men, which contends previous reports that resistance-training increases CCA stiffness. Journal Article European Journal of Applied Physiology 125 1 131 144 Springer Nature 1439-6319 1439-6327 Two-dimensional strain imaging; Carotid artery stiffness; Resistance-exercise; Endurance-exercise; Arterial health 1 1 2025 2025-01-01 10.1007/s00421-024-05598-w COLLEGE NANME Health and Social Care School COLLEGE CODE HSOC Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee 2026-02-03T10:10:27.2959093 2026-02-03T10:01:27.8826783 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science Ian Hornby-Foster 1 Cory T. Richards 2 Aimee Drane 0000-0002-5208-917X 3 Freya M. Lodge 4 Michael Stembridge 5 Rachel N. Lord 6 Hannah Davey 7 Zaheer Yousef 8 Christopher J. A. Pugh 0000-0002-5932-4793 9 71375__36173__a84bd114f21844aeba2f0d1ebfcfc98d.pdf 71375.VOR.pdf 2026-02-03T10:07:53.9138392 Output 1564221 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men
spellingShingle	Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men Aimee Drane
title_short	Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men
title_full	Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men
title_fullStr	Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men
title_full_unstemmed	Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men
title_sort	Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men
author_id_str_mv	32adcb7b814aa529984f3a80d902215f
author_id_fullname_str_mv	32adcb7b814aa529984f3a80d902215f_***_Aimee Drane
author	Aimee Drane
author2	Ian Hornby-Foster Cory T. Richards Aimee Drane Freya M. Lodge Michael Stembridge Rachel N. Lord Hannah Davey Zaheer Yousef Christopher J. A. Pugh
format	Journal article
container_title	European Journal of Applied Physiology
container_volume	125
container_issue	1
container_start_page	131
publishDate	2025
institution	Swansea University
issn	1439-6319 1439-6327
doi_str_mv	10.1007/s00421-024-05598-w
publisher	Springer Nature
college_str	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id	facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id	facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str	School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science
document_store_str	1
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description	Purpose: Central arterial stiffness, a predictor of cardiovascular risk, attenuates with endurance-exercise in ageing populations. However, in young individuals, this effect is inconsistent and emerging evidence suggests resistance-exercise may increase arterial stiffness. Two-dimensional (2D)-Strain imaging of the common carotid artery (CCA) is more sensitive at detecting endurance-training induced alterations in CCA stiffness than conventional methods, but has not been used to examine CCA stiffness in young resistance-trained individuals. Therefore, we compared CCA 2D-Strain parameters at rest, during acute exercise and recovery between resistance-trained, endurance-trained, and untrained young men. Methods: Short-axis CCA ultrasound images were obtained from 12 endurance-trained [27yrs (95%CI; 24–29)], 14 resistance-trained [24yrs (23–26)] and 12 untrained [23yrs (22–24] men at rest, during isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise and recovery. 2D-Strain analysis quantified CCA peak circumferential strain (PCS) and systolic (S-SR) and diastolic (D-SR) strain rates. Conventional stiffness indices included aortic pulse-wave velocity, CCA β-stiffness (β1) and Petersons elastic modulus (Ep). Results: Resting conventional stiffness indices were not different between groups (P > 0.05). Resting PCS and S-SR were comparable between resistance- [11.6% (10.6–12.5) and 1.46 s−1 (1.37–1.55), respectively] and endurance-trained [11.4% (10.7–12.2) and 1.5 s−1 (1.38–1.62)] men and superior to untrained men [9.5% (9.19–9.9); P < 0.004 and 1.24 s−1 (1.17 – 1.31); P < 0.018)]. Both trained groups displayed comparable reductions in PCS and S-SR during IHG, which returned to resting values during recovery (P < 0.001), whereas these parameters remained unchanged in untrained men. D-SR decreased during IHG in all groups (P < 0.001), but to a lesser extent in endurance-trained men (P < 0.023), whereas β1 and Ep increased to a similar magnitude in all groups and returned to resting values during recovery (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Resistance- and endurance-trained men display comparable CCA 2D-Strain parameters that are superior to untrained men, which contends previous reports that resistance-training increases CCA stiffness.
published_date	2025-01-01T05:35:10Z
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Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men

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