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Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis

HAMED REZAZADEH, Mohammad Monfared Orcid Logo, Meghdad Fazeli Orcid Logo, Saeed Golestan Orcid Logo

Energies, Volume: 18, Issue: 22, Start page: 5981

Swansea University Authors: HAMED REZAZADEH, Mohammad Monfared Orcid Logo, Meghdad Fazeli Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/en18225981

Abstract

The increasing penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the need for grid-forming (GFM) inverters capable of supporting frequency and voltage stability. Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC) has recently emerged as a promising time-domain GFM strategy due to its fast dy...

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Published in: Energies
ISSN: 1996-1073
Published: MDPI AG 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71292
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Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC) has recently emerged as a promising time-domain GFM strategy due to its fast dynamics and autonomous synchronisation capability. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent VOC developments, focusing on the Andronov&#x2013;Hopf Oscillator (AHO) and its variants. A comparative overview of different VOC structures highlights their capabilities in providing essential services such as dispatchability, fault ride-through (FRT), virtual inertia, and damping. A generalised small-signal state-space model is developed to assess the influence of virtual inertia, grid impedance, and control parameters on transient performance, which is essential for optimal parameter design and controller tuning in various applications. Experimental validation using a 2.5 kVA single-phase inverter shows excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The results confirm that while increased virtual inertia enhances frequency stability, it also introduces oscillations that can be effectively mitigated through damping enhancement. 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spelling 2026-02-09T14:35:11.6497148 v2 71292 2026-01-21 Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis 4c4dac47e9fc50d1eceab6e53ef0bbb4 HAMED REZAZADEH HAMED REZAZADEH true false adab4560ff08c8e5181ff3f12a4c36fb 0000-0002-8987-0883 Mohammad Monfared Mohammad Monfared true false b7aae4026707ed626d812d07018a2113 0000-0003-1448-5339 Meghdad Fazeli Meghdad Fazeli true false 2026-01-21 BGPS The increasing penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the need for grid-forming (GFM) inverters capable of supporting frequency and voltage stability. Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC) has recently emerged as a promising time-domain GFM strategy due to its fast dynamics and autonomous synchronisation capability. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent VOC developments, focusing on the Andronov–Hopf Oscillator (AHO) and its variants. A comparative overview of different VOC structures highlights their capabilities in providing essential services such as dispatchability, fault ride-through (FRT), virtual inertia, and damping. A generalised small-signal state-space model is developed to assess the influence of virtual inertia, grid impedance, and control parameters on transient performance, which is essential for optimal parameter design and controller tuning in various applications. Experimental validation using a 2.5 kVA single-phase inverter shows excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The results confirm that while increased virtual inertia enhances frequency stability, it also introduces oscillations that can be effectively mitigated through damping enhancement. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrate that advanced AHO-based strategies successfully deliver vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) services, confirming their practical applicability in future EV-integrated and renewable-rich power systems. Journal Article Energies 18 22 5981 MDPI AG 1996-1073 electric vehicle (EV); grid-forming (GFM) inverters; small-signal analysis; vehicle-to-grid (V2G); vehicle-to-home (V2H); virtual oscillator control (VOC) 14 11 2025 2025-11-14 10.3390/en18225981 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Other This research received no external funding. 2026-02-09T14:35:11.6497148 2026-01-21T21:18:54.4820173 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Electronic and Electrical Engineering HAMED REZAZADEH 1 Mohammad Monfared 0000-0002-8987-0883 2 Meghdad Fazeli 0000-0003-1448-5339 3 Saeed Golestan 0000-0002-8568-1612 4 71292__36073__79e5a49b84bc47a481e056880c9f71e6.pdf energies-18-05981.pdf 2026-01-21T21:21:24.2326863 Output 6574523 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis
spellingShingle Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis
HAMED REZAZADEH
Mohammad Monfared
Meghdad Fazeli
title_short Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis
title_full Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis
title_fullStr Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis
title_sort Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis
author_id_str_mv 4c4dac47e9fc50d1eceab6e53ef0bbb4
adab4560ff08c8e5181ff3f12a4c36fb
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author_id_fullname_str_mv 4c4dac47e9fc50d1eceab6e53ef0bbb4_***_HAMED REZAZADEH
adab4560ff08c8e5181ff3f12a4c36fb_***_Mohammad Monfared
b7aae4026707ed626d812d07018a2113_***_Meghdad Fazeli
author HAMED REZAZADEH
Mohammad Monfared
Meghdad Fazeli
author2 HAMED REZAZADEH
Mohammad Monfared
Meghdad Fazeli
Saeed Golestan
format Journal article
container_title Energies
container_volume 18
container_issue 22
container_start_page 5981
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 1996-1073
doi_str_mv 10.3390/en18225981
publisher MDPI AG
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Electronic and Electrical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Electronic and Electrical Engineering
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description The increasing penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the need for grid-forming (GFM) inverters capable of supporting frequency and voltage stability. Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC) has recently emerged as a promising time-domain GFM strategy due to its fast dynamics and autonomous synchronisation capability. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent VOC developments, focusing on the Andronov–Hopf Oscillator (AHO) and its variants. A comparative overview of different VOC structures highlights their capabilities in providing essential services such as dispatchability, fault ride-through (FRT), virtual inertia, and damping. A generalised small-signal state-space model is developed to assess the influence of virtual inertia, grid impedance, and control parameters on transient performance, which is essential for optimal parameter design and controller tuning in various applications. Experimental validation using a 2.5 kVA single-phase inverter shows excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The results confirm that while increased virtual inertia enhances frequency stability, it also introduces oscillations that can be effectively mitigated through damping enhancement. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrate that advanced AHO-based strategies successfully deliver vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) services, confirming their practical applicability in future EV-integrated and renewable-rich power systems.
published_date 2025-11-14T05:34:57Z
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