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A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells

Yasin Izadi Orcid Logo, Reza Beiranvand Orcid Logo, Mohammad Monfared Orcid Logo

IEEE Access, Volume: 13, Pages: 212745 - 212759

Swansea University Author: Mohammad Monfared Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1109/access.2025.3644890

Abstract

Conventional switched-capacitor voltage-equalizer circuits have several limitations, including low balancing speed as the number of battery-pack cells increases, capacitor inrush currents, and EMI noise. A voltage-equalizer circuit that uses a resonant structure to improve performance is proposed to...

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Published in: IEEE Access
ISSN: 2169-3536
Published: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71288
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spelling 2026-02-09T15:37:20.4816184 v2 71288 2026-01-21 A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells adab4560ff08c8e5181ff3f12a4c36fb 0000-0002-8987-0883 Mohammad Monfared Mohammad Monfared true false 2026-01-21 ACEM Conventional switched-capacitor voltage-equalizer circuits have several limitations, including low balancing speed as the number of battery-pack cells increases, capacitor inrush currents, and EMI noise. A voltage-equalizer circuit that uses a resonant structure to improve performance is proposed to address these issues. It includes a small optimal capacitor network, which transfers energy from any-cell-to-any-cell (AC2AC) in a battery pack, ensuring constant balancing speed, regardless of the number of cells or their initial voltage distribution. Additionally, soft-switching conditions are provided to reduce switching losses and EMI noise, which ultimately increase converter efficiency and make it possible to increase the switching frequency. Consequently, the passive-component volumes are effectively reduced and high power density is practically available. The proposed circuit has been mathematically analyzed and simulated using PSpice for six series-connected battery cells. Its prototype circuit has also been implemented to confirm the analyses and simulation results, which provides an efficiency of 94.6%. Finally, it has been compared with previously introduced structures, which clearly shows a significant improvement in balancing speed, for instance, 70% and 56% improvement as compared to the mesh and delta structures, respectively. Journal Article IEEE Access 13 212745 212759 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 2169-3536 22 12 2025 2025-12-22 10.1109/access.2025.3644890 COLLEGE NANME Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE ACEM Swansea University Other 2026-02-09T15:37:20.4816184 2026-01-21T13:36:24.9492715 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Electronic and Electrical Engineering Yasin Izadi 0000-0002-8115-0056 1 Reza Beiranvand 0000-0002-3214-7563 2 Mohammad Monfared 0000-0002-8987-0883 3 71288__36075__7d157b7a8e714bd89097334a9cf33eee.pdf A_Resonant_Switched-Capacitor_Voltage_Equalizer_Circuit_for_Series-Connected_Battery_Cells.pdf 2026-01-21T21:31:40.7693346 Output 3646705 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright 2025 The Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells
spellingShingle A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells
Mohammad Monfared
title_short A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells
title_full A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells
title_fullStr A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells
title_full_unstemmed A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells
title_sort A Resonant Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer Circuit for Series-Connected Battery Cells
author_id_str_mv adab4560ff08c8e5181ff3f12a4c36fb
author_id_fullname_str_mv adab4560ff08c8e5181ff3f12a4c36fb_***_Mohammad Monfared
author Mohammad Monfared
author2 Yasin Izadi
Reza Beiranvand
Mohammad Monfared
format Journal article
container_title IEEE Access
container_volume 13
container_start_page 212745
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 2169-3536
doi_str_mv 10.1109/access.2025.3644890
publisher Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Electronic and Electrical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Electronic and Electrical Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Conventional switched-capacitor voltage-equalizer circuits have several limitations, including low balancing speed as the number of battery-pack cells increases, capacitor inrush currents, and EMI noise. A voltage-equalizer circuit that uses a resonant structure to improve performance is proposed to address these issues. It includes a small optimal capacitor network, which transfers energy from any-cell-to-any-cell (AC2AC) in a battery pack, ensuring constant balancing speed, regardless of the number of cells or their initial voltage distribution. Additionally, soft-switching conditions are provided to reduce switching losses and EMI noise, which ultimately increase converter efficiency and make it possible to increase the switching frequency. Consequently, the passive-component volumes are effectively reduced and high power density is practically available. The proposed circuit has been mathematically analyzed and simulated using PSpice for six series-connected battery cells. Its prototype circuit has also been implemented to confirm the analyses and simulation results, which provides an efficiency of 94.6%. Finally, it has been compared with previously introduced structures, which clearly shows a significant improvement in balancing speed, for instance, 70% and 56% improvement as compared to the mesh and delta structures, respectively.
published_date 2025-12-22T05:34:56Z
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score 11.096295

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