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Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature

Yousif Abdulazeez, Rifka Nurul Utami, Khuloud T. Al-Jamal Orcid Logo, Zi Hong Mok Orcid Logo

ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Volume: 16, Issue: 21, Pages: 4159 - 4171

Swansea University Author: Zi Hong Mok Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00683

Abstract

Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone secreted mainly in the stomach and small intestine. It has many functions, including appetite stimulation, growth hormone release triggering, and maintaining glucose and energy homeostasis. It has also been linked to many neuroregenerative and neuroprotective activit...

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Published in: ACS Chemical Neuroscience
ISSN: 1948-7193 1948-7193
Published: American Chemical Society (ACS) 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70623
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spelling 2025-11-06T13:16:03.9216956 v2 70623 2025-10-09 Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature 4a0b8a58c748d6a2c87a54f263f4d397 0000-0002-1231-5048 Zi Hong Mok Zi Hong Mok true false 2025-10-09 MEDS Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone secreted mainly in the stomach and small intestine. It has many functions, including appetite stimulation, growth hormone release triggering, and maintaining glucose and energy homeostasis. It has also been linked to many neuroregenerative and neuroprotective activities via its activity on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a). In brain tissues, it has been revealed that only the acylated ghrelin (AG) but not the unacylated ghrelin (UAG) has the affinity to GHS-R1a. In addition, AG has been shown to undergo fast enzymatic conversion into the inactive UAG form in the serum. Many experimental trials were conducted to study ghrelin’s effect on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), but there have not been systematic reviews made to date. This systematic review highlighted the findings from preclinical trials between 2010 and July 2023, in which ghrelin and/or one of its agonists have been investigated for their effects in treating AD and PD. The search databases used were Embase, Cochrane, and Medline. All articles reviewed were animal studies as there were no clinical trials. The findings on AD showed that AG has demonstrated improved outcomes histopathologically and symptomatically. Meanwhile for PD, AG was found to have neuroprotective effects, especially in the early stage of the disease. This systematic review paves the way for more studies to be done to ensure the applicability of ghrelin and/or its agonists in treating and/or slowing the progression of AD, and early prevention and diagnosis of PD. Journal Article ACS Chemical Neuroscience 16 21 4159 4171 American Chemical Society (ACS) 1948-7193 1948-7193 Ghrelin; Alzheimer’s; Parkinson’s; Neurodegeneration; Neuroregeneration; Neuroprotection 5 11 2025 2025-11-05 10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00683 Review COLLEGE NANME Medical School COLLEGE CODE MEDS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Swansea University 2025-11-06T13:16:03.9216956 2025-10-09T16:49:33.0559629 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Pharmacy Yousif Abdulazeez 1 Rifka Nurul Utami 2 Khuloud T. Al-Jamal 0000-0001-5165-2699 3 Zi Hong Mok 0000-0002-1231-5048 4 70623__35567__36ea138f075a41448a8ef4e1c111492a.pdf 70623.VOR.pdf 2025-11-06T13:13:14.7042305 Output 3134797 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright © 2025 The Authors. This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
spellingShingle Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
Zi Hong Mok
title_short Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
title_full Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
title_fullStr Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
title_sort Effects of Ghrelin Hormone on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
author_id_str_mv 4a0b8a58c748d6a2c87a54f263f4d397
author_id_fullname_str_mv 4a0b8a58c748d6a2c87a54f263f4d397_***_Zi Hong Mok
author Zi Hong Mok
author2 Yousif Abdulazeez
Rifka Nurul Utami
Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
Zi Hong Mok
format Journal article
container_title ACS Chemical Neuroscience
container_volume 16
container_issue 21
container_start_page 4159
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 1948-7193
1948-7193
doi_str_mv 10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00683
publisher American Chemical Society (ACS)
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str Swansea University Medical School - Pharmacy{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Pharmacy
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description Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone secreted mainly in the stomach and small intestine. It has many functions, including appetite stimulation, growth hormone release triggering, and maintaining glucose and energy homeostasis. It has also been linked to many neuroregenerative and neuroprotective activities via its activity on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a). In brain tissues, it has been revealed that only the acylated ghrelin (AG) but not the unacylated ghrelin (UAG) has the affinity to GHS-R1a. In addition, AG has been shown to undergo fast enzymatic conversion into the inactive UAG form in the serum. Many experimental trials were conducted to study ghrelin’s effect on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), but there have not been systematic reviews made to date. This systematic review highlighted the findings from preclinical trials between 2010 and July 2023, in which ghrelin and/or one of its agonists have been investigated for their effects in treating AD and PD. The search databases used were Embase, Cochrane, and Medline. All articles reviewed were animal studies as there were no clinical trials. The findings on AD showed that AG has demonstrated improved outcomes histopathologically and symptomatically. Meanwhile for PD, AG was found to have neuroprotective effects, especially in the early stage of the disease. This systematic review paves the way for more studies to be done to ensure the applicability of ghrelin and/or its agonists in treating and/or slowing the progression of AD, and early prevention and diagnosis of PD.
published_date 2025-11-05T05:31:16Z
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