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Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima

M.N. Havlik, N.R. Geraldi, Lloyd Hopkins, J. Hubert, L. Chapuis, L.P. Gaffney, Rory Wilson Orcid Logo, S.D. Simpson, F.J. Juanes, C.M. Duarte

Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume: 222, Start page: 118650

Swansea University Authors: Lloyd Hopkins, Rory Wilson Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118650

Abstract

Boat noise has been shown to distract and cause harm to many marine organisms. Most of the study effort has focused on fish & marine mammals, even though invertebrates represent over 92 % of all marine life. The few studies conducted on invertebrates have demonstrated clear negative effects of a...

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Published in: Marine Pollution Bulletin
ISSN: 0025-326X
Published: Elsevier BV 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70233
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spelling 2025-09-25T15:31:58.1293943 v2 70233 2025-08-27 Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima 4aff8f36ad7e5154e2a8ee35ffe55e29 Lloyd Hopkins Lloyd Hopkins true false 017bc6dd155098860945dc6249c4e9bc 0000-0003-3177-0177 Rory Wilson Rory Wilson true false 2025-08-27 BGPS Boat noise has been shown to distract and cause harm to many marine organisms. Most of the study effort has focused on fish & marine mammals, even though invertebrates represent over 92 % of all marine life. The few studies conducted on invertebrates have demonstrated clear negative effects of anthropogenic noise pollution. The small giant clam Tridacna maxima and the spider conch Lambis lambis are two invertebrate species which play key roles in coral reef ecosystems, and are little studied for the effects of noise disturbance. T. maxima functions as prey for many fish species, contributes up to 9 % of the reef's calcium carbonate budget, and plays a role in nutrient cycling. The herbivorous strombid L. lambis can occur in large numbers on reef flats and is prey for other snails and several elasmobranchs. Using two case study reefs, we show that both boat noise and biotic sounds are prominent sound sources in Red Sea reef habitats. In-situ controlled exposure experiments were conducted on two shallow central Red Sea reefs, where Daily Diary smart tags were used to measure the reactions of T. maxima and L. lambis during underwater playback of boat noise and ambient reef sound. Both macroinvertebrates exhibited behavioral changes during the boat noise treatment. Our results suggest that L. lambis and T. maxima individuals may spend energy averting the invisible “threat” of boat noise, rather than feeding or staying open for symbiotic algae to perform photosynthesis, in the case of T. maxima. As boat noise is prevalent on Red Sea reefs, invertebrates may be affected on a large scale in the Red Sea. Journal Article Marine Pollution Bulletin 222 118650 Elsevier BV 0025-326X Invertebrate; Coral reef; Underwater noise; Boat; Controlled exposure 1 1 2026 2026-01-01 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118650 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee This research was funded by baseline funding by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology provided to C.M. Duarte. 2025-09-25T15:31:58.1293943 2025-08-27T09:22:25.5021660 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences M.N. Havlik 1 N.R. Geraldi 2 Lloyd Hopkins 3 J. Hubert 4 L. Chapuis 5 L.P. Gaffney 6 Rory Wilson 0000-0003-3177-0177 7 S.D. Simpson 8 F.J. Juanes 9 C.M. Duarte 10 70233__35177__facc998463b04a18b0d4f473e70a4ca5.pdf 70233.VoR.pdf 2025-09-25T15:29:56.8866608 Output 6806738 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
title Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima
spellingShingle Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima
Lloyd Hopkins
Rory Wilson
title_short Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima
title_full Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima
title_fullStr Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima
title_full_unstemmed Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima
title_sort Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima
author_id_str_mv 4aff8f36ad7e5154e2a8ee35ffe55e29
017bc6dd155098860945dc6249c4e9bc
author_id_fullname_str_mv 4aff8f36ad7e5154e2a8ee35ffe55e29_***_Lloyd Hopkins
017bc6dd155098860945dc6249c4e9bc_***_Rory Wilson
author Lloyd Hopkins
Rory Wilson
author2 M.N. Havlik
N.R. Geraldi
Lloyd Hopkins
J. Hubert
L. Chapuis
L.P. Gaffney
Rory Wilson
S.D. Simpson
F.J. Juanes
C.M. Duarte
format Journal article
container_title Marine Pollution Bulletin
container_volume 222
container_start_page 118650
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 0025-326X
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118650
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
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description Boat noise has been shown to distract and cause harm to many marine organisms. Most of the study effort has focused on fish & marine mammals, even though invertebrates represent over 92 % of all marine life. The few studies conducted on invertebrates have demonstrated clear negative effects of anthropogenic noise pollution. The small giant clam Tridacna maxima and the spider conch Lambis lambis are two invertebrate species which play key roles in coral reef ecosystems, and are little studied for the effects of noise disturbance. T. maxima functions as prey for many fish species, contributes up to 9 % of the reef's calcium carbonate budget, and plays a role in nutrient cycling. The herbivorous strombid L. lambis can occur in large numbers on reef flats and is prey for other snails and several elasmobranchs. Using two case study reefs, we show that both boat noise and biotic sounds are prominent sound sources in Red Sea reef habitats. In-situ controlled exposure experiments were conducted on two shallow central Red Sea reefs, where Daily Diary smart tags were used to measure the reactions of T. maxima and L. lambis during underwater playback of boat noise and ambient reef sound. Both macroinvertebrates exhibited behavioral changes during the boat noise treatment. Our results suggest that L. lambis and T. maxima individuals may spend energy averting the invisible “threat” of boat noise, rather than feeding or staying open for symbiotic algae to perform photosynthesis, in the case of T. maxima. As boat noise is prevalent on Red Sea reefs, invertebrates may be affected on a large scale in the Red Sea.
published_date 2026-01-01T05:30:20Z
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