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Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making

Zhang Jieyao Orcid Logo, Jeetesh Kumar Orcid Logo, Erose Sthapit Orcid Logo, Brian Garrod Orcid Logo

International Journal of Tourism Research, Volume: 27, Issue: 4

Swansea University Author: Brian Garrod Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1002/jtr.70095

Abstract

This study uses protection motivation theory as its theoretical foundation to examine the relationships between crowding experience, cognitive appraisal, risk perception, and protection behavioural intention. Data were gathered from 361 tourists who had experienced crowding situations. Structural eq...

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Published in: International Journal of Tourism Research
ISSN: 1099-2340 1522-1970
Published: Wiley 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70042
first_indexed 2025-07-26T15:30:29Z
last_indexed 2025-09-05T06:12:34Z
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spelling 2025-09-04T14:48:27.9287717 v2 70042 2025-07-26 Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making 4f81981d78ed3082b232463da24d1bb9 0000-0002-5468-6816 Brian Garrod Brian Garrod true false 2025-07-26 CBAE This study uses protection motivation theory as its theoretical foundation to examine the relationships between crowding experience, cognitive appraisal, risk perception, and protection behavioural intention. Data were gathered from 361 tourists who had experienced crowding situations. Structural equation modelling was then used to test a proposed conceptual model. The results indicate significant relationships between coping appraisal, risk perception, and tourists’ protection intention. Risk perception, meanwhile, was found to fully mediate the relationship between crowding experience and protection behaviour intention. Implications for tourism management include the need to promote not only awareness of overcrowding but also readiness among tourists to adapt to overcrowded conditions. More and better information is needed on the potential for overcrowding and its associated risks, before tourists respond regarding protective behaviour change. Journal Article International Journal of Tourism Research 27 4 Wiley 1099-2340 1522-1970 Overcrowding; Threat appraisal; Coping appraisal; Risk perception; Protective behavioural intention 1 7 2025 2025-07-01 10.1002/jtr.70095 COLLEGE NANME Management School COLLEGE CODE CBAE Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee 2025-09-04T14:48:27.9287717 2025-07-26T16:26:02.7640444 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Management - Business Management Zhang Jieyao 0009-0004-3562-0389 1 Jeetesh Kumar 0000-0001-9878-1228 2 Erose Sthapit 0000-0002-1650-3900 3 Brian Garrod 0000-0002-5468-6816 4 70042__35038__24f7de5c49f0404c964bb62384f82f4d.pdf 70042.VoR.pdf 2025-09-04T14:45:42.4664559 Output 660234 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making
spellingShingle Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making
Brian Garrod
title_short Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making
title_full Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making
title_fullStr Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making
title_full_unstemmed Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making
title_sort Overcrowding, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors: A Study on Tourist Decision‐Making
author_id_str_mv 4f81981d78ed3082b232463da24d1bb9
author_id_fullname_str_mv 4f81981d78ed3082b232463da24d1bb9_***_Brian Garrod
author Brian Garrod
author2 Zhang Jieyao
Jeetesh Kumar
Erose Sthapit
Brian Garrod
format Journal article
container_title International Journal of Tourism Research
container_volume 27
container_issue 4
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 1099-2340
1522-1970
doi_str_mv 10.1002/jtr.70095
publisher Wiley
college_str Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofhumanitiesandsocialsciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofhumanitiesandsocialsciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
department_str School of Management - Business Management{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Management - Business Management
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description This study uses protection motivation theory as its theoretical foundation to examine the relationships between crowding experience, cognitive appraisal, risk perception, and protection behavioural intention. Data were gathered from 361 tourists who had experienced crowding situations. Structural equation modelling was then used to test a proposed conceptual model. The results indicate significant relationships between coping appraisal, risk perception, and tourists’ protection intention. Risk perception, meanwhile, was found to fully mediate the relationship between crowding experience and protection behaviour intention. Implications for tourism management include the need to promote not only awareness of overcrowding but also readiness among tourists to adapt to overcrowded conditions. More and better information is needed on the potential for overcrowding and its associated risks, before tourists respond regarding protective behaviour change.
published_date 2025-07-01T12:35:16Z
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score 11.08895

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