Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages

Jovic, Thomas; Gazze, Andrea; Morgan, Bethan; Hawkins, Karl; Francis, Lewis; Arora, Hari; Doak, shareen; Whitaker, Iain; Francis, Lewis

doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100929

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Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages

Thomas Jovic, Andrea Gazze, Bethan Morgan, Karl Hawkins

, Lewis Francis, Hari Arora

, shareen Doak, Iain Whitaker, Lewis Francis

Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, Volume: 11, Start page: 100929

Swansea University Authors: Thomas Jovic, Andrea Gazze, Karl Hawkins , Hari Arora , shareen Doak, Iain Whitaker, Lewis Francis

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100929

Abstract

Nanocellulose (NC) possesses desirable biological and mechanical properties for 3D bioprinting. This study aimed to derive a novel NC-hyaluronic acid (HA) bioink for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages and assess its printability, biocompatibility and chondrogenicity. Pulp-derived NC blend was combined...

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Published in:	Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications
ISSN:	2666-8939
Published:	Elsevier BV 2025
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69895

first_indexed	2025-07-04T11:33:47Z
last_indexed	2025-09-05T06:12:03Z
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This study aimed to derive a novel NC-hyaluronic acid (HA) bioink for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages and assess its printability, biocompatibility and chondrogenicity. Pulp-derived NC blend was combined with a HA hydrogel to make composite NCHA bioinks ranging from 100 % HA to 20 % HA. Human nasoseptal chondrocytes were cultured in the bioinks for 21 days to assess chondrogenicity through gene expression analysis, quantitative protein assays and histology. Successful crosslinking using hydrogen peroxide solution (5 μM) occurred within 5 min with no detriment to cell survival. All NCHA mixtures demonstrated increases in aggrecan, collagen and SOX9 expression over 21 days with bioinks comprising 20–40 % HA being the most chondrogenic (p = 0.0001). Printability was assessed using rheology and printability assays, demonstrating appropriate mechanical properties for 3D printing and shape retention as auricular cartilages. Biocompatibility with Live-Dead, lactate dehydrogenase and AlamarBlue assays demonstrated cell viability and proliferation sustained over 21 days. 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spelling	2025-09-04T13:12:06.6494867 v2 69895 2025-07-04 Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages 7d95ed2bceb18fc0fdfd4048277c6eed Thomas Jovic Thomas Jovic true false 0bf1396a32fcb3a87c8f264a90ac38b6 Andrea Gazze Andrea Gazze true false 77c39404a9a98c6e2283d84815cba053 0000-0003-0174-4151 Karl Hawkins Karl Hawkins true false ed7371c768e9746008a6807f9f7a1555 0000-0002-9790-0907 Hari Arora Hari Arora true false 8f70286908f67238a527a98cbf66d387 shareen Doak shareen Doak true false 830074c59291938a55b480dcbee4697e Iain Whitaker Iain Whitaker true false 10f61f9c1248951c1a33f6a89498f37d 0000-0002-7803-7714 Lewis Francis Lewis Francis true false 2025-07-04 MEDS Nanocellulose (NC) possesses desirable biological and mechanical properties for 3D bioprinting. This study aimed to derive a novel NC-hyaluronic acid (HA) bioink for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages and assess its printability, biocompatibility and chondrogenicity. Pulp-derived NC blend was combined with a HA hydrogel to make composite NCHA bioinks ranging from 100 % HA to 20 % HA. Human nasoseptal chondrocytes were cultured in the bioinks for 21 days to assess chondrogenicity through gene expression analysis, quantitative protein assays and histology. Successful crosslinking using hydrogen peroxide solution (5 μM) occurred within 5 min with no detriment to cell survival. All NCHA mixtures demonstrated increases in aggrecan, collagen and SOX9 expression over 21 days with bioinks comprising 20–40 % HA being the most chondrogenic (p = 0.0001). Printability was assessed using rheology and printability assays, demonstrating appropriate mechanical properties for 3D printing and shape retention as auricular cartilages. Biocompatibility with Live-Dead, lactate dehydrogenase and AlamarBlue assays demonstrated cell viability and proliferation sustained over 21 days. We conclude that NCHA bioinks promote chondrogenicity, possess favourable mechanical properties and have excellent biocompatibility for cartilage tissue engineering. Journal Article Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 11 100929 Elsevier BV 2666-8939 Cartilage; Bioprinting; Chondrogenesis; Nanocellulose; Hyaluronic acid; Biomaterials 1 9 2025 2025-09-01 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100929 COLLEGE NANME Medical School COLLEGE CODE MEDS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee This study was supported by The Scar Free Foundation & Health and Care Research Wales Programme of research in Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, which has been established in the ReconRegen Research Centre at Swansea University in partnership with Swansea Bay University Health Board. Additionally, THJ would like to acknowledge funding from Action Medical Research and the VTCT Foundation (GN2782), Microtia UK, the Royal College of Surgeons England, the British Association of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons and the Welsh Clinical Academic Training Programme. 2025-09-04T13:12:06.6494867 2025-07-04T12:30:00.7345370 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Biomedical Engineering Thomas Jovic 1 Andrea Gazze 2 Bethan Morgan 3 Karl Hawkins 0000-0003-0174-4151 4 Lewis Francis 5 Hari Arora 0000-0002-9790-0907 6 shareen Doak 7 Iain Whitaker 8 Lewis Francis 0000-0002-7803-7714 9 69895__34680__3dc4931ee7ce4beaa82b3efb2e6993df.pdf 69895.pdf 2025-07-04T12:33:42.5016641 Output 17344626 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
title	Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages
spellingShingle	Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages Thomas Jovic Andrea Gazze Karl Hawkins Hari Arora shareen Doak Iain Whitaker Lewis Francis
title_short	Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages
title_full	Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages
title_fullStr	Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages
title_full_unstemmed	Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages
title_sort	Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages
author_id_str_mv	7d95ed2bceb18fc0fdfd4048277c6eed 0bf1396a32fcb3a87c8f264a90ac38b6 77c39404a9a98c6e2283d84815cba053 ed7371c768e9746008a6807f9f7a1555 8f70286908f67238a527a98cbf66d387 830074c59291938a55b480dcbee4697e 10f61f9c1248951c1a33f6a89498f37d
author_id_fullname_str_mv	7d95ed2bceb18fc0fdfd4048277c6eed_*_Thomas Jovic 0bf1396a32fcb3a87c8f264a90ac38b6__Andrea Gazze 77c39404a9a98c6e2283d84815cba053__Karl Hawkins ed7371c768e9746008a6807f9f7a1555__Hari Arora 8f70286908f67238a527a98cbf66d387__shareen Doak 830074c59291938a55b480dcbee4697e__Iain Whitaker 10f61f9c1248951c1a33f6a89498f37d_**_Lewis Francis
author	Thomas Jovic Andrea Gazze Karl Hawkins Hari Arora shareen Doak Iain Whitaker Lewis Francis
author2	Thomas Jovic Andrea Gazze Bethan Morgan Karl Hawkins Lewis Francis Hari Arora shareen Doak Iain Whitaker Lewis Francis
format	Journal article
container_title	Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications
container_volume	11
container_start_page	100929
publishDate	2025
institution	Swansea University
issn	2666-8939
doi_str_mv	10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100929
publisher	Elsevier BV
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str	School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Biomedical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Biomedical Engineering
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description	Nanocellulose (NC) possesses desirable biological and mechanical properties for 3D bioprinting. This study aimed to derive a novel NC-hyaluronic acid (HA) bioink for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages and assess its printability, biocompatibility and chondrogenicity. Pulp-derived NC blend was combined with a HA hydrogel to make composite NCHA bioinks ranging from 100 % HA to 20 % HA. Human nasoseptal chondrocytes were cultured in the bioinks for 21 days to assess chondrogenicity through gene expression analysis, quantitative protein assays and histology. Successful crosslinking using hydrogen peroxide solution (5 μM) occurred within 5 min with no detriment to cell survival. All NCHA mixtures demonstrated increases in aggrecan, collagen and SOX9 expression over 21 days with bioinks comprising 20–40 % HA being the most chondrogenic (p = 0.0001). Printability was assessed using rheology and printability assays, demonstrating appropriate mechanical properties for 3D printing and shape retention as auricular cartilages. Biocompatibility with Live-Dead, lactate dehydrogenase and AlamarBlue assays demonstrated cell viability and proliferation sustained over 21 days. We conclude that NCHA bioinks promote chondrogenicity, possess favourable mechanical properties and have excellent biocompatibility for cartilage tissue engineering.
published_date	2025-09-01T05:29:23Z
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Development of nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid bioinks for 3D bioprinting facial cartilages

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