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Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability

Matt Bedding Orcid Logo, Bjornar Sandnes Orcid Logo, Perumal Nithiarasu Orcid Logo, Feihu Zhao Orcid Logo

Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Volume: 9, Issue: 3, Start page: 72

Swansea University Authors: Matt Bedding Orcid Logo, Bjornar Sandnes Orcid Logo, Perumal Nithiarasu Orcid Logo, Feihu Zhao Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/jmmp9030072

Abstract

The permeability of a porous material is the measure of the ability of fluids to pass through it. The ability to control permeability is valued by tissue engineers who manufacture tissue engineering scaffolds that house cells/tissue and facilitate tissue growth. Therefore, a scaffold design software...

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Published in: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
ISSN: 2504-4494
Published: MDPI 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69086
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The ability to control permeability is valued by tissue engineers who manufacture tissue engineering scaffolds that house cells/tissue and facilitate tissue growth. Therefore, a scaffold design software in which permeability can be entered as a variable in determining the structure and strut topology would be a desirable tool for tissue engineering researchers. The ability to factor permeability directly into the design of scaffolds facilitates more effective bone tissue engineering by enabling optimal nutrient transport and waste removal at regeneration sites. Additionally, having the ability to control the mechanical environment by indicating a region of acceptable porosities for in vitro cell culturing is desirable. This desirability is a result of porosity being a major determining factor in permeability, where increasing porosity will generally mean a higher permeability. Thus, having an upper bound on porosity means that higher-permeability structures can be determined whilst maintaining high values of mechanical strength. In this software, a method is discussed for modifying the Kozeny&#x2013;Carman equation by incorporating level-set equations for different triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. Topology analysis is computed on six different TPMS structures in the toolbox, and a relationship between a topological constant and permeability is derived through the Kozeny&#x2013;Carman equation. This relationship allows for an input of permeability as a factor in the determination of pore size, porosity, and scaffold structure. 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spelling 2025-03-12T13:58:04.4697563 v2 69086 2025-03-12 Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability d44c21114186f602f81db0dd1280b99d 0000-0003-0620-2773 Matt Bedding Matt Bedding true false 61c7c04b5c804d9402caf4881e85234b 0000-0002-4854-5857 Bjornar Sandnes Bjornar Sandnes true false 3b28bf59358fc2b9bd9a46897dbfc92d 0000-0002-4901-2980 Perumal Nithiarasu Perumal Nithiarasu true false 1c6e79b6edd08c88a8d17a241cd78630 0000-0003-0515-6808 Feihu Zhao Feihu Zhao true false 2025-03-12 The permeability of a porous material is the measure of the ability of fluids to pass through it. The ability to control permeability is valued by tissue engineers who manufacture tissue engineering scaffolds that house cells/tissue and facilitate tissue growth. Therefore, a scaffold design software in which permeability can be entered as a variable in determining the structure and strut topology would be a desirable tool for tissue engineering researchers. The ability to factor permeability directly into the design of scaffolds facilitates more effective bone tissue engineering by enabling optimal nutrient transport and waste removal at regeneration sites. Additionally, having the ability to control the mechanical environment by indicating a region of acceptable porosities for in vitro cell culturing is desirable. This desirability is a result of porosity being a major determining factor in permeability, where increasing porosity will generally mean a higher permeability. Thus, having an upper bound on porosity means that higher-permeability structures can be determined whilst maintaining high values of mechanical strength. In this software, a method is discussed for modifying the Kozeny–Carman equation by incorporating level-set equations for different triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. Topology analysis is computed on six different TPMS structures in the toolbox, and a relationship between a topological constant and permeability is derived through the Kozeny–Carman equation. This relationship allows for an input of permeability as a factor in the determination of pore size, porosity, and scaffold structure. This novel method allows for scaffold design based on a tailored permeability to assist successful tissue engineering. Journal Article Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 9 3 72 MDPI 2504-4494 permeability; tissue engineering scaffold; TPMS structures; CAD toolbox 23 2 2025 2025-02-23 10.3390/jmmp9030072 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Other This study was supported by EPSRC–Doctoral Training Partnership (DTP) scholarship (reference code: EP/T517987/1-2573181), and the Royal Society research grant (reference code: RGS\R2\212280). 2025-03-12T13:58:04.4697563 2025-03-12T13:43:46.7785258 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Biomedical Engineering Matt Bedding 0000-0003-0620-2773 1 Bjornar Sandnes 0000-0002-4854-5857 2 Perumal Nithiarasu 0000-0002-4901-2980 3 Feihu Zhao 0000-0003-0515-6808 4 69086__33799__19ad9a5f11c241088301c9bfd8ea4701.pdf jmmp-09-00072.pdf 2025-03-12T13:43:46.7746015 Output 3396153 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability
spellingShingle Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability
Matt Bedding
Bjornar Sandnes
Perumal Nithiarasu
Feihu Zhao
title_short Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability
title_full Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability
title_fullStr Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability
title_full_unstemmed Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability
title_sort Permea-Design: An Innovative Tool for Generating Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds with Tailored Permeability
author_id_str_mv d44c21114186f602f81db0dd1280b99d
61c7c04b5c804d9402caf4881e85234b
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author_id_fullname_str_mv d44c21114186f602f81db0dd1280b99d_***_Matt Bedding
61c7c04b5c804d9402caf4881e85234b_***_Bjornar Sandnes
3b28bf59358fc2b9bd9a46897dbfc92d_***_Perumal Nithiarasu
1c6e79b6edd08c88a8d17a241cd78630_***_Feihu Zhao
author Matt Bedding
Bjornar Sandnes
Perumal Nithiarasu
Feihu Zhao
author2 Matt Bedding
Bjornar Sandnes
Perumal Nithiarasu
Feihu Zhao
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container_title Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
container_volume 9
container_issue 3
container_start_page 72
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 2504-4494
doi_str_mv 10.3390/jmmp9030072
publisher MDPI
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Biomedical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Biomedical Engineering
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description The permeability of a porous material is the measure of the ability of fluids to pass through it. The ability to control permeability is valued by tissue engineers who manufacture tissue engineering scaffolds that house cells/tissue and facilitate tissue growth. Therefore, a scaffold design software in which permeability can be entered as a variable in determining the structure and strut topology would be a desirable tool for tissue engineering researchers. The ability to factor permeability directly into the design of scaffolds facilitates more effective bone tissue engineering by enabling optimal nutrient transport and waste removal at regeneration sites. Additionally, having the ability to control the mechanical environment by indicating a region of acceptable porosities for in vitro cell culturing is desirable. This desirability is a result of porosity being a major determining factor in permeability, where increasing porosity will generally mean a higher permeability. Thus, having an upper bound on porosity means that higher-permeability structures can be determined whilst maintaining high values of mechanical strength. In this software, a method is discussed for modifying the Kozeny–Carman equation by incorporating level-set equations for different triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. Topology analysis is computed on six different TPMS structures in the toolbox, and a relationship between a topological constant and permeability is derived through the Kozeny–Carman equation. This relationship allows for an input of permeability as a factor in the determination of pore size, porosity, and scaffold structure. This novel method allows for scaffold design based on a tailored permeability to assist successful tissue engineering.
published_date 2025-02-23T08:19:02Z
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