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Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity

Jianbo Jian Orcid Logo, Zhaoyang Wang, Chunhai Chen, Christopher T. Workman, Xiaodong Fang, Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen, Jian Guo Orcid Logo, Eva C. Sonnenschein Orcid Logo

Microbiology Spectrum, Volume: 12, Issue: 8

Swansea University Author: Eva C. Sonnenschein Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1128/spectrum.04148-23

Abstract

The majority of the nearly 10,000 described species of green algae are photoautotrophs; however, some species have lost their ability to photosynthesize and become obligate heterotrophs that rely on parasitism for survival. Two high-quality genomes of the heterotrophic algae Prototheca zopfii Pz20 a...

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Published in: Microbiology Spectrum
ISSN: 2165-0497
Published: American Society for Microbiology 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68956
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spelling 2025-03-11T16:36:42.3022558 v2 68956 2025-02-24 Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity f6a4027578a15ea3e6453a54b849c686 0000-0001-6959-5100 Eva C. Sonnenschein Eva C. Sonnenschein true false 2025-02-24 BGPS The majority of the nearly 10,000 described species of green algae are photoautotrophs; however, some species have lost their ability to photosynthesize and become obligate heterotrophs that rely on parasitism for survival. Two high-quality genomes of the heterotrophic algae Prototheca zopfii Pz20 and Pz23 were obtained using short- and long-read genomic as well as transcriptomic data. The genome sizes were 31.2 Mb and 31.3 Mb, respectively, and contig N50 values of 1.99 Mb and 1.26 Mb. Although P. zopfii maintained its plastid genome, the transition to heterotrophy led to a reduction in both plastid and nuclear genome size, including the loss of photosynthesis-related genes from both the nuclear and plastid genomes and the elimination of genes encoding for carotenoid oxygenase and pheophorbide an oxygenase. The loss of genes, including basic leucine-zipper (bZIP) transcription factors, flavin adenine dinucleotide-linked oxidase, and helicase, could have played a role in the transmission of autotrophy to heterotrophs and in the processes of abiotic stress resistance and pathogenicity. A total of 66 (1.37%) and 73 (1.49%) genes were identified as potential horizontal gene transfer events in the two P. zopfii genomes, respectively. Genes for malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, which are horizontally transferred from bacteria, may play a pivotal role in carbon and nitrogen metabolism as well as the pathogenicity of Prototheca and non-photosynthetic organisms. The two high-quality P. zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate heterotrophs and pathogenicity. Journal Article Microbiology Spectrum 12 8 American Society for Microbiology 2165-0497 Prototheca, pathogenicity, horizontal gene transfer, heterotrophs 28 6 2024 2024-06-28 10.1128/spectrum.04148-23 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University 2025-03-11T16:36:42.3022558 2025-02-24T15:04:40.8280019 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Jianbo Jian 0000-0003-2187-5490 1 Zhaoyang Wang 2 Chunhai Chen 3 Christopher T. Workman 4 Xiaodong Fang 5 Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen 6 Jian Guo 0000-0002-5947-6877 7 Eva C. Sonnenschein 0000-0001-6959-5100 8 68956__33789__fad42557ddd548c7804a778796098b0a.pdf 68956.VoR.pdf 2025-03-11T16:34:57.0926150 Output 2419955 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright © 2024 Jian et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity
spellingShingle Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity
Eva C. Sonnenschein
title_short Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity
title_full Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity
title_fullStr Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity
title_full_unstemmed Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity
title_sort Two high-quality Prototheca zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate algal heterotrophs and their pathogenicity
author_id_str_mv f6a4027578a15ea3e6453a54b849c686
author_id_fullname_str_mv f6a4027578a15ea3e6453a54b849c686_***_Eva C. Sonnenschein
author Eva C. Sonnenschein
author2 Jianbo Jian
Zhaoyang Wang
Chunhai Chen
Christopher T. Workman
Xiaodong Fang
Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
Jian Guo
Eva C. Sonnenschein
format Journal article
container_title Microbiology Spectrum
container_volume 12
container_issue 8
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 2165-0497
doi_str_mv 10.1128/spectrum.04148-23
publisher American Society for Microbiology
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
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description The majority of the nearly 10,000 described species of green algae are photoautotrophs; however, some species have lost their ability to photosynthesize and become obligate heterotrophs that rely on parasitism for survival. Two high-quality genomes of the heterotrophic algae Prototheca zopfii Pz20 and Pz23 were obtained using short- and long-read genomic as well as transcriptomic data. The genome sizes were 31.2 Mb and 31.3 Mb, respectively, and contig N50 values of 1.99 Mb and 1.26 Mb. Although P. zopfii maintained its plastid genome, the transition to heterotrophy led to a reduction in both plastid and nuclear genome size, including the loss of photosynthesis-related genes from both the nuclear and plastid genomes and the elimination of genes encoding for carotenoid oxygenase and pheophorbide an oxygenase. The loss of genes, including basic leucine-zipper (bZIP) transcription factors, flavin adenine dinucleotide-linked oxidase, and helicase, could have played a role in the transmission of autotrophy to heterotrophs and in the processes of abiotic stress resistance and pathogenicity. A total of 66 (1.37%) and 73 (1.49%) genes were identified as potential horizontal gene transfer events in the two P. zopfii genomes, respectively. Genes for malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, which are horizontally transferred from bacteria, may play a pivotal role in carbon and nitrogen metabolism as well as the pathogenicity of Prototheca and non-photosynthetic organisms. The two high-quality P. zopfii genomes provide new insights into their evolution as obligate heterotrophs and pathogenicity.
published_date 2024-06-28T07:40:29Z
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