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General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants

Bin Zhou, James E Bennett, Aidan P Wickham, Rosie K Singleton, Anu Mishra, Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco, Nayu Ikeda, Lakshya Jain, Ana Barradas-Pires, Rachel A Heap, Victor PF Lhoste, Kate E Sheffer, Nowell H Phelps, Archie W Rayner, Edward W Gregg, Mark Woodward, Gretchen A Stevens, Maria LC Iurilli, Goodarz Danaei, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas, Noor Ani Ahmad, Pascal Bovet, Zhengming Chen, Albertino Damasceno, Sarah L Filippi, Imre Janszky, Andre P Kengne, Young-Ho Khang, Kamlesh Khunti, Avula Laxmaiah, Lee-Ling Lim, Lauren Lissner, Paula Margozzini, Jean Claude N Mbanya, Stephen T McGarvey, Jonathan E Shaw, Stefan Söderberg, Luis Adrián Soto-Mota, Junyang Wang, Francesco Zaccardi, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Hanan F Abdul Rahim, Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova, Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Ishag Adam, Marzena Adamczyk, Wichai Aekplakorn, Imelda A Agdeppa, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Charles Agyemang, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Naser Ahmadi, Nastaran Ahmadi, Soheir H Ahmed, Wolfgang Ahrens, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Kamel Ajlouni, Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa, Halima Al-Hinai, Jawad A Al-Lawati, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Deena Al Asfoor, Huda M Al Hourani, Monira Alarouj, Fadia AlBuhairan, Shahla AlDhukair, Mohamed M Ali, Anna V Alieva, Abdullah Alkandari, Buthaina M Alkhatib, Eman Aly, Deepak N Amarapurkar, Pilar Amiano Etxezarreta, Norbert Amougou, Lars Bo Andersen, Sigmund A Anderssen, Odysseas Androutsos, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Elena Anufrieva, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Tahir Aris, Raphael E Arku, Nimmathota Arlappa, Krishna K Aryal, Felix K Assah, Batyrbek Assembekov, Maria Cecília F Assunção, Juha Auvinen, Mária Avdičová, Kishwar Azad, Ana Azevedo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Fereidoun Azizi, Flora Bacopoulou, Suhad Bahijri, Izet Bajramovic, Nagalla Balakrishna, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Maciej Banach, Piotr Bandosz, José R Banegas, Rafał Baran, Carlo M Barbagallo, Valter Barbosa Filho, Alberto Barceló, Maja Baretić, Joaquin Barnoya, Lena Barrera, Aluisio JD Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes Barros, Abdul Basit, Joao Luiz Bastos, Anwar M Batieha, Aline P Batista, Rosangela L Batista, Zhamilya Battakova, Louise A Baur, Pascal M Bayauli, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Antonisamy Belavendra, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Theodora Benedek, Judith Benedics, Mikhail Benet, Gilda Estela Benitez Rolandi, Michaela Benzeval, Elling Bere, Nicolas Berger, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Salim Berkinbayev, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Heloísa Bettiol, Augustin F Beybey, Jorge Bezerra, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Santosh K Bhargava, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Mukharram M Bikbov, Bihungum Bista, Dusko J Bjelica, Peter Bjerregaard, Espen Bjertness, Marius B Bjertness, Cecilia Björkelund, Katia V Bloch, Anneke Blokstra, Simona Bo, Martin Bobak, Lynne M Boddy, Bernhard O Boehm, Jose G Boggia, Elena Bogova, Marialaura Bonaccio, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Herman Borghs, Steve Botomba, Rupert Bourne, Khadichamo Boymatova, Lutgart Braeckman, Tasanee Braithwaite, Imperia Brajkovich, Francesco Branca, Hermann Brenner, Lizzy M Brewster, Yajaira Briceño, Lacramioara Brinduse, Bettina Bringolf-Isler, Miguel Brito, Johannes Brug, Anna Bugge, Frank Buntinx, Marta Buoncristiano, Con Burns, Antonio Cabrera de León, Roberta B Caixeta, Tilema Cama, Günay Can, Ana Paula C Cândido, Felicia Cañete, Mario V Capanzana, Naděžda Čapková, Eduardo Capuano, Rocco Capuano, Vincenzo Capuano, Viviane C Cardoso, Axel C Carlsson, Felipe F Casanueva, Maribel Casas, Laura Censi, Marvin Cervantes‐Loaiza, Parinya Chamnan, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Queenie Chan, Nish Chaturvedi, Fangfang Chen, Huashuai Chen, Long-Sheng Chen, Yiling J Cheng, Bahman Cheraghian, Angela Chetrit, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mai JM Chinapaw, Anne Chinnock, Arnaud Chiolero, Adela Chirita-Emandi, María-Dolores Chirlaque, Chean Lin Chong, Diego G Christofaro, Jerzy Chudek, Renata Cifkova, Massimo Cirillo, Frank Claessens, Philip Clare, Emmanuel Cohen, Susana C Confortin, Tara C Coppinger, Lilia Yadira Cortés, Cojocaru R Cosmin, Simona Costanzo, Melanie J Cowan, Chris Cowell, Amelia C Crampin, Amanda J Cross, Ana B Crujeiras, Juan J Cruz, Alexandra M Cucu, Felipe V Cureau, Sarah Cuschieri, Graziella D'Arrigo, Eleonora d'Orsi, Haroldo da Silva-Ferreira, Christina C Dahm, Jean Dallongeville, Rachel Dankner, Kairat Davletov, Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos, Maria Alice Altenburg de Assis, Dirk De Bacquer, Jaco De Bacquer, Jeroen de Bont, Amalia De Curtis, Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig, Giovanni de Gaetano, Stefaan De Henauw, Pilar De Miguel-Etayo, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Karina Mary de Paiva, Karin De Ridder, Marco Aurélio de Valois Correia Júnior, Mohan Deepa, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Stefaan Demarest, Elaine Dennison, Valérie Deschamps, Meghnath Dhimal, María Pilar Díez Ripollés, Zivka Dika, Shirin Djalalinia, Liria Dominguez, Maria Benedetta Donati, Chiara Donfrancesco, Guanghui Dong, Silvana P Donoso, Maria Dorobantu, Marcus Dörr, Nico Dragano, Wojciech Drygas, Shufa Du, Charmaine A Duante, Priscilla Duboz, Rosemary B Duda, Vesselka L Duleva, Anar Dushpanova, Azhar Dyussupova, Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Narges Ebrahimi, Guadalupe Echeverría, Ricky Eddie, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Vasiliki Efthymiou, Eruke E Egbagbe, Sareh Eghtesad, Ulf Ekelund, Mohammad El-Khateeb, Jalila El Ati, Roberto Elosua, Ofem Enang, Rajiv T Erasmus, Cihangir Erem, Gul Ergor, Louise Eriksen, Johan G Eriksson, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Ali Esmaeili, Roger G Evans, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Albina A Fakhretdinova, Caroline H Fall, Elnaz Faramarzi, Mojtaba Farjam, Farshad Farzadfar, Yosef Farzi, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Asher Fawwad, Francisco J Felix-Redondo, Trevor S Ferguson, Romulo A Fernandes, Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Desha R Fernando, Daniel Ferrante, Gerson Ferrari, Marika Ferrari, Catterina Ferreccio, Eldridge Ferrer, Thamara Hubler Figueiró, Anna Fijalkowska, Günther Fink, Mauro Fisberg, Maria Forsner, Edward F Fottrell, Heba M Fouad, Damian K Francis, Guillermo Frontera, Flavio D Fuchs, Sandra C Fuchs, Viktoriya Furdela, Takuro Furusawa, Stefan Adela Gabriela, Zbigniew Gaciong, Manuel Galán Cuesta, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Sonya V Galcheva, Myriam Galfo, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera, Pablo Garcia, Sarah P Garnett, Magda Gasull, Andrea Gazzinelli, Ulrike Gehring, Eva Gerdts, Ebrahim Ghaderi, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ali Ghanbari, Erfan Ghasemi, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Anup Ghimire, Alessandro Gialluisi, Simona Giampaoli, Francesco Gianfagna, Glen Gironella, Aleksander Giwercman, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Natalya Glushkova, Ramesh Godara, Justyna Godos, Marcel Goldberg, Georgina Gómez, Jesús Humberto Gómez Gómez, Luis F Gomez, Santiago F Gómez, Aleksandra Gomula, Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Helen Gonçalves, Mauer Gonçalves, Ana D González-Alvarez, David A Gonzalez-Chica, Esther M González-Gil, Marcela Gonzalez-Gross, Juan P González-Rivas, Angel R Gonzalez, Frederic Gottrand, Dušan Grafnetter, Aneta Grajda, Maria G Grammatikopoulou, Tomasz Grodzicki, Else Karin Grøholt, Anders Grøntved, Viviana Guajardo, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Maëlenn Guerchet, Ramiro Guerrero, Andre L Guimaraes, Unjali P Gujral, Martin C Gulliford, Marc J Gunter, Rajeev Gupta, Oye Gureje, Mirjana A Gurinović, Beata Gurzkowska, Laura Gutierrez, Xinyi Gwee, Rosa Haghshenas, Hamid Hakimi, Jytte Halkjær, Ian R Hambleton, Behrooz Hamzeh, Willem A Hanekom, Dominique Hange, Abu AM Hanif, Sari Hantunen, Jie Hao, Carla Menêses Hardman, Louise Hardy, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Javad Harooni, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Maria Hassapidou, Jun Hata, Teresa Haugsgjerd, Mirjam Heinen, Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Ana Henriques, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Sauli Herrala, Marianella Herrera-Cuenca, Victor M Herrera, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Ramin Heshmat, Allan G Hill, Sai Yin Ho, Michelle Holdsworth, Reza Homayounfar, Clara Homs, Emiel O Hoogendijk, Andrea RVR Horimoto, Claudia M Hormiga, Bernardo L Horta, Leila Houti, Christina Howitt, Thein Thein Htay, Aung Soe Htet, Maung Maung Than Htike, José María Huerta, Ilpo Tapani Huhtaniemi, Laetitia Huiart, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Martijn Huisman, Abdullatif Husseini, Inge Huybrechts, Nahla Hwalla, Licia Iacoviello, Ellina M Iakupova, Anna G Iannone, Jannicke Igland, Chinwuba Ijoma, Violeta Iotova, Vilma E Irazola, Takafumi Ishida, Godsent C Isiguzo, Muhammad Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Duygu Islek, Till Ittermann, Ivaila Y Ivanova-Pandourska, Masanori Iwasaki, Tuija Jääskeläinen, Rod T Jackson, Hashem Y Jaddou, Michel Jadoul, Tazeen Jafar, Nataša Jan, Edward Janus, Juel Jarani, Gerald Jarnig, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Grazyna Jasienska, Ana Jelaković, Bojan Jelaković, Anjani Kumar Jha, Ramon O Jimenez, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Michel Joffres, Jari J Jokelainen, Jost B Jonas, Pradeep Joshi, Rohina Joshi, Josipa Josipović, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek J Jóźwiak, Anne Juolevi, Vesna Juresa, Vesna Jureša, Rudolf Kaaks, Felix O Kaducu, Agnes L Kadvan, Anthony Kafatos, Eero O Kajantie, Natia Kakutia, Daniela Kállayová, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Srinivasan Kannan, Efthymios Kapantais, Eva Karaglani, Argyro Karakosta, Khem B Karki, Adoubi Kassi Anicet, Marzieh Katibeh, Prasad Katulanda, Peter T Katzmarzyk, Jussi Kauhanen, Gyulli M Kazakbaeva, François F Kaze, Calvin Ke, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Roya Kelishadi, Cecily Kelleher, Han CG Kemper, Maryam Keramati, Mathilde Kersting, Yousef Saleh Khader, Arsalan Khaledifar, Davood Khalili, Bahareh Kheiri, Motahareh Kheradmand, Alireza Khosravi, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Sophia J Kiechl, Stefan Kiechl, Hyeon Chang Kim, Heidi Klakk, Suntara Klanarong, Jana Klanova, Magdalena Klimek, Michael Knoflach, Susanne Kobel, Bhawesh Koirala, Elin Kolle, Patrick Kolsteren, Jürgen König, Raija Korpelainen, Paul Korrovits, Magdalena Korzycka, Jelena Kos, Seppo Koskinen, Malik Koussoh Simone, Éva Kovács, Irina Kovalskys, Sudhir Kowlessur, Slawomir Koziel, Jana Kratenova, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susi Kriemler, Peter Lund Kristensen, Helena Krizan, Maria F Kroker-Lobos, Steinar Krokstad, Herculina S Kruger, Ruan Kruger, Łukasz Kryst, Ruzena Kubinova, Urho M Kujala, Enisa Kujundzic, Zbigniew Kulaga, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Meena Kumari, Marie Kunešová, Pawel Kurjata, Catherine Kyobutungi, Quang Ngoc La, Demetre Labadarios, Carl Lachat, Daphne Lai, Youcef Laid, Lachmie Lall, Maritza Landaeta Jimenez, Edwige Landais, Tiina Lankila, Vera Lanska, Georg Lappas, Bagher Larijani, Mina P Lateva, Tint Swe Latt, Martino Laurenzi, Maria Lazo-Porras, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Terho Lehtimäki, Daniel Lemogoum, Elvynna Leong, Justyna Leszczak, Gabriel M Leung, Yanping Li, Merike Liivak, Charlie Lim, Wei-Yen Lim, M Fernanda Lima-Costa, Hsien-Ho Lin, Lars Lind, Mieczyslaw Litwin, Liping Liu, Xiaotian Liu, Guadalupe Longo Abril, Oscar Lopes, Esther Lopez-Garcia, José Francisco López-Gil, Tania Lopez, José Eugenio Lozano, Janice L Lukrafka, Dalia Luksiene, Annamari Lundqvist, Nuno Lunet, Charles Lunogelo, Michala Lustigová, Jean-René M'Buyamba-Kabangu, George LL Machado-Coelho, Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues, Enguerran Macia, Ahmed A Madar, Gladys E Maestre, Stefania Maggi, Dianna J Magliano, Sara Magnacca, Emmanuella Magriplis, Gowri Mahasampath, Bernard Maire, Marcia Makdisse, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Reza Malekzadeh, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, Sofia Malyutina, Lynell V Maniego, Yannis Manios, Jim I Mann, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Enzo Manzato, Mala Ali Mapatano, Rosu Maria-Magdalena, Joany Mariño, Anastasia Markaki, Larissa Pruner Marques, Jaume Marrugat, Reynaldo Martorell, Katharina Maruszczak, Giovanna Masala, Luis P Mascarenhas, Mannix Masimango Imani, Masoud Masinaei, Ellisiv B Mathiesen, Alicia Matijasevich, Piotr Matłosz, Tandi E Matsha, Victor Matsudo, Giletta Matteo, Pallab K Maulik, Christina Mavrogianni, Anselmo J Mc Donald Posso, Shelly R McFarlane, Rachael M McLean, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Kirsten Mehlig, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Jesus D Melgarejo, Fabián Méndez, Carlos O Mendivil, Carlos Mendoza Montano, Ana Maria B Menezes, Gert BM Mensink, Alibek Mereke, Indrapal I Meshram, Diane T Meto, Haakon E Meyer, Jie Mi, Karolina Miłkowska, Jody C Miller, Olga Milushkina, Cláudia S Minderico, GK Mini, Juan Francisco Miquel, J Jaime Miranda, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković, Antonio Mistretta, Veronica Mocanu, Pietro A Modesti, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Kazem Mohammad, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Zahra Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Viswanathan Mohan, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Iraj Mohebbi, Niels C Møller, Dénes Molnár, Amirabbas Momenan, Charles K Mondo, Michele M Monroy-Valle, Roger A Montenegro Mendoza, Eric Monterrubio-Flores, Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki, Jin Soo Moon, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Farhad Moradpour, Leila B Moreira, Alain Morejon, Luis A Moreno, Karen Morgan, George Moschonis, Alireza Moslem, Mildrey Mosquera, Malgorzata Mossakowska, Aya Mostafa, Seyed-Ali Mostafavi, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Jorge Motta, Marcos André Moura-dos-Santos, Malay K Mridha, Kelias P Msyamboza, Thet Thet Mu, Florian Muca, Boban Mugoša, Patricia B Munroe, Jaakko Mursu, Kamarul Imran Musa, Sanja Musić Milanović, Vera Musil, Geofrey Musinguzi, Norlaila Mustafa, Muel Telo Marie-Claire Muyer, Iraj Nabipour, Balkish M Naidu, Farid Najafi, Hanna Nalecz, Jana Námešná, KM Venkat Narayan, Take Naseri, Michels Nathalie, Nareemarn Neelapaichit, Azim Nejatizadeh, Ilona Nenko, Flavio Nervi, Hannelore K Neuhauser, Tze Pin Ng, Chung T Nguyen, Quang V Nguyen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Michael Y Ni, Peng Nie, Ramfis E Nieto-Martínez, Teemu J Niiranen, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Nobuo Nishi, Sania Nishtar, Marianna Noale, Oscar A Noboa, Helena Nogueira, Kevin I Norton, Davide Noto, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska, Mohannad Al Nsour, Irfan Nuhoğlu, Eha Nurk, Fred Nuwaha, Moffat Nyirenda, Terence W O'Neill, Caleb Ochimana, Angélica M Ochoa-Avilés, Eiji Oda, Augustine N Odili, Kyungwon Oh, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Brian Oldenburg, Valérie Olié, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Saeed M Omar, Altan Onat, Sok King Ong, N Charlotte Onland-Moret, Lariane M Ono, Obinna Onodugo, Pedro Ordunez, Rui Ornelas, Ana P Ortiz, Pedro J Ortiz, Clive Osmond, Sergej M Ostojic, Afshin Ostovar, Johanna A Otero, Charlotte B Ottendahl, Akaninyene Otu, Kim Overvad, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Cristina P Padez, Ioannis Pagkalos, Natalja Pajula, Alberto Palloni, Luigi Palmieri, Wen-Harn Pan, Francesco Panza, Mariela Paoli, Sousana K Papadopoulou, Rossina G Pareja, Soon-Woo Park, Suyeon Park, Winsome R Parnell, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Ionela M Pascanu, Patrick Pasquet, Nikhil D Patel, Halyna Pavlyshyn, Raimund Pechlaner, Ivan Pećin, João M Pedro, Sergio Viana Peixoto, Markku Peltonen, Alexandre C Pereira, Karen GDA Peres, Marco A Peres, Agustín Perez-Londoño, Cynthia M Pérez, Valentina Peterkova, Olga Petrovna Kovtun, Niloofar Peykari, Son Thai Pham, Rafael N Pichardo, Preux Pierre-Marie, Hynek Pikhart, Aida Pilav, Pavel Piler, Aleksandra Piwonska, Andreia N Pizarro, Silvia Plata, Raluca M Pop, Barry M Popkin, Stevo R Popovic, Miquel Porta, Anil Poudyal, Farhad Pourfarzi, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Rajendra Pradeepa, Alison J Price, Antonio Prista, Rui Providencia, Jardena J Puder, Iveta Pudule, Soile Puhakka, Maria Puiu, Margus Punab, Mostafa Qorbani, Anna Quialheiro, Hedley K Quintana, Pedro J Quiroga-Padilla, Tran Quoc Bao, Stefan Rach, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Mahmudur Rahman, Olli Raitakari, Sherali Rakhmatulloev, Ivo Rakovac, Ambady Ramachandran, Otim PC Ramadan, Manuel Ramirez-Zea, Rafel Ramos, Lekhraj Rampal, Sanjay Rampal, Sheena E Ramsay, João FLB Rangel Junior, Daniel A Rangel Reina, Lalka S Rangelova, Vayia Rarra, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Josep Redon, Valéria Regecová, Jane DP Renner, Judit A Repasy, Cézane P Reuter, Luis Revilla, Andrew Reynolds, Negar Rezaei, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Elio Riboli, Fernando Rigo, Attilio Rigotti, Leanne M Riley, Tobias F Rinke de Wit, Ulf Risérus, Raphael M Ritti-Dias, Reina G Roa, Romana Roccaldo, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar, Andrea Y Rodríguez, Ulla Roggenbuck, Peter Rohloff, Rosalba Rojas-Martinez, Elisabetta L Romeo, Rafaela V Rosario, Annika Rosengren, Ian Rouse, Adolfo Rubinstein, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Maria Ruiz-Castell, Emma Ruiz Moreno, Iuliia A Rusakova, Wojciech Rusek, Petra Rust, Marcin Rutkowski, Marge Saamel, Hamideh Sabbaghi, Harshpal S Sachdev, Alireza Sadjadi, Ali Reza Safarpour, Sare Safi, Mohammad Hossien Saghi, Olfa Saidi, Calogero Saieva, Satoko Sakata, Nader Saki, Sanja Šalaj, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Akkumis Salkhanova, Jukka T Salonen, Margarita Samoutian, Jose Sánchez-Abanto, Inés Sánchez Rodríguez, Diana A Santos, Ina S Santos, Maria Paula Santos, Tamara R Santos, Jouko L Saramies, Luis B Sardinha, Giselle Sarganas, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Kai-Uwe Saum, Stefan Savin, Mariana Sbaraini, Marcia Scazufca, Beatriz D Schaan, Anja Schienkiewitz, Karin Schindler, Sabine Schipf, Amand Floriaan Schmidt, Börge Schmidt, Carsten O Schmidt, Ben Schöttker, Sara Schramm, Stine Schramm, Helmut Schröder, Constance Schultsz, Aletta E Schutte, Sylvain Sebert, Moslem Sedaghattalab, Aye Aye Sein, Abhijit Sen, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Guillermo Sequera, Ľudmila Ševčíková, Ronel Sewpaul, Teresa Shamah-Levy, Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran, Maryam Sharafkhah, Sanjib K Sharma, Almaz Sharman, Amaneh Shayanrad, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Lela Shengelia, Kenji Shibuya, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Rahman Shiri, Marat Shoranov, Namuna Shrestha, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Abla M Sibai, Labros S Sidossis, Antonio M Silva, Caroline Ramos de Moura Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Kelly Samara Silva, Xueling Sim, Mary Simon, Michael Sjöström, Natalia A Skoblina, Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Przemysław Slusarczyk, Liam Smeeth, Lee Smith, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Grzegorz Sobek, Eugène Sobngwi, Morten Sodemann, Agustinus Soemantri, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Elin P Sørgjerd, Maroje Sorić, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Aïcha Soumaré, Alfonso Sousa-Poza, Igor Spiroski, Jan A Staessen, Andreas Stang, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Peter Stehle, Aryeh D Stein, George S Stergiou, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Ekaterina Stoyanova, Gareth Stratton, Karien Stronks, Lela Sturua, Milton F Suarez-Ortegón, Phalakorn Suebsamran, Gerhard Sulo, Johan Sundström, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, Boyd A Swinburn, René Charles Sylva, Lucjan Szponar, E Shyong Tai, Konstantinos D Tambalis, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Baimakhan Tanabayev, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Jakob Tarp, Carolina B Tarqui-Mamani, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Saskia Te Velde, William R Tebar, Grethe S Tell, Tania Tello, KR Thankappan, Xenophon Theodoridis, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Nihal Thomas, Amanda G Thrift, Ľubica Tichá, Erik J Timmermans, Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini, Anne Tjonneland, Janne S Tolstrup, Murat Topbas, Laura Torres-Collado, Giota Touloumi, Pierre Traissac, Areti Triantafyllou, Atul Trivedi, Lechaba Tshepo, Panagiotis Tsintavis, John Tuitele, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Marshall K Tulloch-Reid, Fikru Tullu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Maria L Turley, Evangelia Tzala, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Christophe Tzourio, Peter Ueda, Eunice Ugel, Flora AM Ukoli, Zhamyila Usupova, Hannu MT Uusitalo, Nalan Uysal, Gonzalo Valdivia, Damaskini Valvi, Rob M van Dam, Bert-Jan van den Born, Johan Van der Heyden, Yvonne T van der Schouw, Wendy Van Lippevelde, Hoang Van Minh, Natasja M Van Schoor, Irene GM van Valkengoed, Dirk Vanderschueren, Diego Vanuzzo, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Luz Nayibe Vargas, Senthil K Vasan, Daniel G Vasques, Tomas Vega, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Biruta Velika, Charlotte Verdot, Maïté Verloigne, Giovanni Veronesi, WM Monique Verschuren, Roosmarijn Verstraeten, Lucie Viet, Frøydis N Vik, Monica Vilar, Salvador Villalpando, Jesus Vioque, Jyrki K Virtanen, Marjolein Visser, Bharathi Viswanathan, Mihaela Vladulescu, Henry Völzke, Ari Voutilainen, Martine Vrijheid, Alisha N Wade, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Chongjian Wang, Huijun Wang, Ningli Wang, Qian Wang, Xiangjun Wang, Ya Xing Wang, Ying-Wei Wang, S Goya Wannamethee, Nicholas Wareham, Olivia Wartha, Adelheid Weber, Karen Webster-Kerr, Niels Wedderkopp, Daniel Weghuber, Wenbin Wei, Leo Westbury, Peter H Whincup, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Kurt Widhalm, Indah S Widyahening, Andrzej Więcek, Rainford J Wilks, Karin Willeit, Peter Willeit, Julianne Williams, Tom Wilsgaard, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Roy A Wong-McClure, Andrew Wong, Emily B Wong, Frederick C Wu, Justyna Wyszyńska, Haiquan Xu, Liang Xu, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Li Yan, Weili Yan, Yang Yang, Martha Yépez García, Moein Yoosefi, Akihiro Yoshihara, Novie O Younger-Coleman, Yu-Ling Yu, Yunjiang Yu, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Vassilis Zafiropulos, Ahmad A Zainuddin, Farhad Zamani, Sabina Zambon, Antonis Zampelas, Maria Elisa Zapata, Ko Ko Zaw, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Magdalena Żegleń, Kristyna Zejglicova, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Bing Zhang, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Yanitsa V Zhecheva, Bekbolat Zholdin, Paul Zimmet, Marie Zins, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Monika Zuziak, Majid Ezzati, Gareth Stratton Orcid Logo

The Lancet, Volume: 404, Issue: 10455, Pages: 851 - 863

Swansea University Author: Gareth Stratton Orcid Logo

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Abstract

BackgroundAdiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics d...

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Published in: The Lancet
ISSN: 0140-6736
Published: Elsevier BV 2024
Online Access: Check full text

URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa67555
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Abstract: BackgroundAdiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension.MethodsWe used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI).FindingsThe correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m2 (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m2 (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone.InterpretationBMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions.
College: Faculty of Science and Engineering
Funders: This study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council (grant number MR/V034057/1) UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK grant number 10103595, for participation in the OBCT consortium funded by the EU grant agreement 101080250).
Issue: 10455
Start Page: 851
End Page: 863