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The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts

SAM CRESSALL, Christopher Phillips Orcid Logo, Wafaa Al-Shatty Orcid Logo, Davide Deganello Orcid Logo

Journal of Materials Science, Volume: 59, Issue: 4, Pages: 1768 - 1782

Swansea University Authors: SAM CRESSALL, Christopher Phillips Orcid Logo, Wafaa Al-Shatty Orcid Logo, Davide Deganello Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1007/s10853-023-09309-2

Abstract

There is growing interest in the application of 3D printing for demanding environments subject to gamma radiation in areas such as the nuclear industry and space exploration. In this work, the effect of gamma radiation on fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts composed of polyethylene terephthal...

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Published in: Journal of Materials Science
ISSN: 0022-2461 1573-4803
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa65500
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In this work, the effect of gamma radiation on fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts composed of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and acrylic styrene acrylonitrile (ASA) polymers was studied. Dose levels of up to 2.25 MGy were applied to the printed components, doses equivalent to over 1 year operating near spent nuclear fuel cells. Infrared spectroscopy showed the evidence of cross-linking by the formation of peaks corresponding to –OH and C–H bonds. Tensile and hardness testing was used to assess changes in mechanical properties and showed a reduction in ultimate tensile stress and maximum strain in parts made from both polymers, but with PETG retaining greater strength and ductility than ASA, especially at intermediate gamma exposure. Young’s modulus and hardness showed either modest increases or a fairly flat response with exposure. Mechanical properties were heavily dependent on the build structure, with horizontal build samples pulled parallel to the filament direction being several times stronger than vertical build samples pulled normal to the layers. Non-irradiated samples pulled parallel to the filament direction were indicative of ductile failure, with rough surfaces, distinct infill and wall regions and evidence of thinning occurring after fracture, but irradiated fracture surfaces were flatter, smoother and without local thinning, suggesting gamma radiation-induced embrittlement in the material. For samples pulled perpendicular to the filament direction, all fractures occurred between layers, creating flat fracture surfaces with no evidence of necking and indicative of brittle failure regardless of whether the samples were irradiated.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Journal of Materials Science</journal><volume>59</volume><journalNumber>4</journalNumber><paginationStart>1768</paginationStart><paginationEnd>1782</paginationEnd><publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0022-2461</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1573-4803</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>17</publishedDay><publishedMonth>1</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-01-17</publishedDate><doi>10.1007/s10853-023-09309-2</doi><url/><notes>Data and code availability:Not applicable.</notes><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>This work was financially supported by Materials and Manufacturing Academy (M2A) through funding from the European Social Fund via the Welsh Government (c80816), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) (Grant Ref: EP/L015099/1) and Lynkeos Technology Ltd.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-05-31T15:08:17.0189131</lastEdited><Created>2024-01-23T13:14:45.9330967</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>SAM</firstname><surname>CRESSALL</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Christopher</firstname><surname>Phillips</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8011-710X</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Wafaa</firstname><surname>Al-Shatty</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3389-0199</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Davide</firstname><surname>Deganello</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8341-4177</orcid><order>4</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>65500__29474__516d4f89c9ce4eb9b6bb76ba0ea62266.pdf</filename><originalFilename>DD VOR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2024-01-24T16:29:27.7783513</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>3536866</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling v2 65500 2024-01-23 The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts a18223324de6705cdcd9619bb157b64a SAM CRESSALL SAM CRESSALL true false cc734f776f10b3fb9b43816c9f617bb5 0000-0001-8011-710X Christopher Phillips Christopher Phillips true false a1303ae9aac74ad56872d10daa951748 0000-0002-3389-0199 Wafaa Al-Shatty Wafaa Al-Shatty true false ea38a0040bdfd3875506189e3629b32a 0000-0001-8341-4177 Davide Deganello Davide Deganello true false 2024-01-23 There is growing interest in the application of 3D printing for demanding environments subject to gamma radiation in areas such as the nuclear industry and space exploration. In this work, the effect of gamma radiation on fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts composed of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and acrylic styrene acrylonitrile (ASA) polymers was studied. Dose levels of up to 2.25 MGy were applied to the printed components, doses equivalent to over 1 year operating near spent nuclear fuel cells. Infrared spectroscopy showed the evidence of cross-linking by the formation of peaks corresponding to –OH and C–H bonds. Tensile and hardness testing was used to assess changes in mechanical properties and showed a reduction in ultimate tensile stress and maximum strain in parts made from both polymers, but with PETG retaining greater strength and ductility than ASA, especially at intermediate gamma exposure. Young’s modulus and hardness showed either modest increases or a fairly flat response with exposure. Mechanical properties were heavily dependent on the build structure, with horizontal build samples pulled parallel to the filament direction being several times stronger than vertical build samples pulled normal to the layers. Non-irradiated samples pulled parallel to the filament direction were indicative of ductile failure, with rough surfaces, distinct infill and wall regions and evidence of thinning occurring after fracture, but irradiated fracture surfaces were flatter, smoother and without local thinning, suggesting gamma radiation-induced embrittlement in the material. For samples pulled perpendicular to the filament direction, all fractures occurred between layers, creating flat fracture surfaces with no evidence of necking and indicative of brittle failure regardless of whether the samples were irradiated. Journal Article Journal of Materials Science 59 4 1768 1782 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 0022-2461 1573-4803 17 1 2024 2024-01-17 10.1007/s10853-023-09309-2 Data and code availability:Not applicable. COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This work was financially supported by Materials and Manufacturing Academy (M2A) through funding from the European Social Fund via the Welsh Government (c80816), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) (Grant Ref: EP/L015099/1) and Lynkeos Technology Ltd. 2024-05-31T15:08:17.0189131 2024-01-23T13:14:45.9330967 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering SAM CRESSALL 1 Christopher Phillips 0000-0001-8011-710X 2 Wafaa Al-Shatty 0000-0002-3389-0199 3 Davide Deganello 0000-0001-8341-4177 4 65500__29474__516d4f89c9ce4eb9b6bb76ba0ea62266.pdf DD VOR.pdf 2024-01-24T16:29:27.7783513 Output 3536866 application/pdf Version of Record true This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts
spellingShingle The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts
SAM CRESSALL
Christopher Phillips
Wafaa Al-Shatty
Davide Deganello
title_short The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts
title_full The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts
title_fullStr The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts
title_full_unstemmed The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts
title_sort The effect of high-intensity gamma radiation on PETG and ASA polymer-based fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts
author_id_str_mv a18223324de6705cdcd9619bb157b64a
cc734f776f10b3fb9b43816c9f617bb5
a1303ae9aac74ad56872d10daa951748
ea38a0040bdfd3875506189e3629b32a
author_id_fullname_str_mv a18223324de6705cdcd9619bb157b64a_***_SAM CRESSALL
cc734f776f10b3fb9b43816c9f617bb5_***_Christopher Phillips
a1303ae9aac74ad56872d10daa951748_***_Wafaa Al-Shatty
ea38a0040bdfd3875506189e3629b32a_***_Davide Deganello
author SAM CRESSALL
Christopher Phillips
Wafaa Al-Shatty
Davide Deganello
author2 SAM CRESSALL
Christopher Phillips
Wafaa Al-Shatty
Davide Deganello
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Materials Science
container_volume 59
container_issue 4
container_start_page 1768
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 0022-2461
1573-4803
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s10853-023-09309-2
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering
document_store_str 1
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description There is growing interest in the application of 3D printing for demanding environments subject to gamma radiation in areas such as the nuclear industry and space exploration. In this work, the effect of gamma radiation on fused deposition modelled 3D printed parts composed of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and acrylic styrene acrylonitrile (ASA) polymers was studied. Dose levels of up to 2.25 MGy were applied to the printed components, doses equivalent to over 1 year operating near spent nuclear fuel cells. Infrared spectroscopy showed the evidence of cross-linking by the formation of peaks corresponding to –OH and C–H bonds. Tensile and hardness testing was used to assess changes in mechanical properties and showed a reduction in ultimate tensile stress and maximum strain in parts made from both polymers, but with PETG retaining greater strength and ductility than ASA, especially at intermediate gamma exposure. Young’s modulus and hardness showed either modest increases or a fairly flat response with exposure. Mechanical properties were heavily dependent on the build structure, with horizontal build samples pulled parallel to the filament direction being several times stronger than vertical build samples pulled normal to the layers. Non-irradiated samples pulled parallel to the filament direction were indicative of ductile failure, with rough surfaces, distinct infill and wall regions and evidence of thinning occurring after fracture, but irradiated fracture surfaces were flatter, smoother and without local thinning, suggesting gamma radiation-induced embrittlement in the material. For samples pulled perpendicular to the filament direction, all fractures occurred between layers, creating flat fracture surfaces with no evidence of necking and indicative of brittle failure regardless of whether the samples were irradiated.
published_date 2024-01-17T15:08:15Z
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