Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates

Yang, Jie; Liao, Zisheng; Hossain, Mokarram; Huang, Guanyu; Wang, Kai; Yao, Xiaohu

doi:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2023.104212

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Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates

Jie Yang

, Zisheng Liao

, Mokarram Hossain

, Guanyu Huang, Kai Wang, Xiaohu Yao

Mechanics Research Communications, Volume: 134

Swansea University Author: Mokarram Hossain

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.mechrescom.2023.104212

Abstract

Additively manufactured (3D-printed) elastomers have increasing applications in impact resistance devices such as helmets, shoe soles, and shock absorbing architectured metamaterials. These rapidly expanding areas require a proper understanding of the thermo-mechanical behaviours of soft polymers. I...

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Published in:	Mechanics Research Communications
ISSN:	0093-6413
Published:	Elsevier BV 2023
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URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa64835
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In this contribution, thermal–mechanical properties of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane (EPU) are extensively characterised under low to high strain rates which are missing in the literature. The EPU under investigation is digitally manufactured using a Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) technology and is characterised by tensile experiments with a wide range of strain rates spanning from 0.001/s to 500/s and temperature variations of -20 °C to 60 °C. The experimental results reveal deformation nonlinearity, thermal-sensitivity, and strain rate-sensitivity in the elastomer. Moreover, the study reveals the occurrence of the glass transition phenomenon, which is commonly observed in soft materials under low-temperature and high strain-rate conditions. Various graphical illustrations are presented to depict the effects of temperature and strain rate on the stress response. It is observed that as temperature decreases or strain rate increases, the stress amplifies and becomes more sensitive to variations in temperature or strain rate. Additionally, higher strain levels further enhance the stress sensitivity to these variations. The microscopic mechanisms behind the thermal and strain rate sensitivities are discussed, taking into account the influence of the strain level. 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M Hossain acknowledges the funding by the Swansea Bay City Deal and the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh European Funding Office. This study is also supported by EPSRC, UK through the Supergen ORE Hub (EP/S000747/1), who have been awarded funding for the Flexible Fund project Submerged bi-axial fatigue analysis for flexible membrane Wave Energy Converters (FF2021-1036). 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spelling	v2 64835 2023-10-30 Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates 140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd 0000-0002-4616-1104 Mokarram Hossain Mokarram Hossain true false 2023-10-30 GENG Additively manufactured (3D-printed) elastomers have increasing applications in impact resistance devices such as helmets, shoe soles, and shock absorbing architectured metamaterials. These rapidly expanding areas require a proper understanding of the thermo-mechanical behaviours of soft polymers. In this contribution, thermal–mechanical properties of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane (EPU) are extensively characterised under low to high strain rates which are missing in the literature. The EPU under investigation is digitally manufactured using a Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) technology and is characterised by tensile experiments with a wide range of strain rates spanning from 0.001/s to 500/s and temperature variations of -20 °C to 60 °C. The experimental results reveal deformation nonlinearity, thermal-sensitivity, and strain rate-sensitivity in the elastomer. Moreover, the study reveals the occurrence of the glass transition phenomenon, which is commonly observed in soft materials under low-temperature and high strain-rate conditions. Various graphical illustrations are presented to depict the effects of temperature and strain rate on the stress response. It is observed that as temperature decreases or strain rate increases, the stress amplifies and becomes more sensitive to variations in temperature or strain rate. Additionally, higher strain levels further enhance the stress sensitivity to these variations. The microscopic mechanisms behind the thermal and strain rate sensitivities are discussed, taking into account the influence of the strain level. Overall, this study contributes to a proper understanding of the thermo-mechanical behaviours of digitally-printed soft polymers, particularly in dynamic scenarios. Journal Article Mechanics Research Communications 134 Elsevier BV 0093-6413 Digitally-printed polyurethane, Experimental characterisation, Glass transition, Thermal sensitivity, Strain rate sensitivity 1 12 2023 2023-12-01 10.1016/j.mechrescom.2023.104212 COLLEGE NANME General Engineering COLLEGE CODE GENG Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This research was funded by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar (No. 11925203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11672110), the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, China under Grant (No. TPL2003), and the financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC visiting PhD Fellowship No. 202206150100 to Jie Yang). M Hossain acknowledges the funding by the Swansea Bay City Deal and the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh European Funding Office. This study is also supported by EPSRC, UK through the Supergen ORE Hub (EP/S000747/1), who have been awarded funding for the Flexible Fund project Submerged bi-axial fatigue analysis for flexible membrane Wave Energy Converters (FF2021-1036). M Hossain also acknowledges the support of the Royal Society through the International Exchange Grant (IEC/NSFC/211316) with the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 2024-04-10T16:53:06.8956510 2023-10-30T10:23:28.4355877 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised Jie Yang 0000-0002-2853-9687 1 Zisheng Liao 0000-0003-0859-9284 2 Mokarram Hossain 0000-0002-4616-1104 3 Guanyu Huang 4 Kai Wang 5 Xiaohu Yao 6 64835__29116__d1ae815abf2246fabd0e51ab6c508299.pdf 64835.VOR.pdf 2023-11-27T10:26:13.8692727 Output 1460712 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates
spellingShingle	Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates Mokarram Hossain
title_short	Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates
title_full	Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates
title_fullStr	Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates
title_full_unstemmed	Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates
title_sort	Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates
author_id_str_mv	140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd
author_id_fullname_str_mv	140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd_***_Mokarram Hossain
author	Mokarram Hossain
author2	Jie Yang Zisheng Liao Mokarram Hossain Guanyu Huang Kai Wang Xiaohu Yao
format	Journal article
container_title	Mechanics Research Communications
container_volume	134
publishDate	2023
institution	Swansea University
issn	0093-6413
doi_str_mv	10.1016/j.mechrescom.2023.104212
publisher	Elsevier BV
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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description	Additively manufactured (3D-printed) elastomers have increasing applications in impact resistance devices such as helmets, shoe soles, and shock absorbing architectured metamaterials. These rapidly expanding areas require a proper understanding of the thermo-mechanical behaviours of soft polymers. In this contribution, thermal–mechanical properties of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane (EPU) are extensively characterised under low to high strain rates which are missing in the literature. The EPU under investigation is digitally manufactured using a Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) technology and is characterised by tensile experiments with a wide range of strain rates spanning from 0.001/s to 500/s and temperature variations of -20 °C to 60 °C. The experimental results reveal deformation nonlinearity, thermal-sensitivity, and strain rate-sensitivity in the elastomer. Moreover, the study reveals the occurrence of the glass transition phenomenon, which is commonly observed in soft materials under low-temperature and high strain-rate conditions. Various graphical illustrations are presented to depict the effects of temperature and strain rate on the stress response. It is observed that as temperature decreases or strain rate increases, the stress amplifies and becomes more sensitive to variations in temperature or strain rate. Additionally, higher strain levels further enhance the stress sensitivity to these variations. The microscopic mechanisms behind the thermal and strain rate sensitivities are discussed, taking into account the influence of the strain level. Overall, this study contributes to a proper understanding of the thermo-mechanical behaviours of digitally-printed soft polymers, particularly in dynamic scenarios.
published_date	2023-12-01T16:53:03Z
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Thermo-mechanical experimental investigations of 3D-printed elastomeric polyurethane from low to intermediate strain rates

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