Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering

REIS, SAM; Holliman, Peter; Martin, Ciaran; Jones, Eurig

doi:10.3390/su15065495

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Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering

SAM REIS, Peter Holliman

, Ciaran Martin, Eurig Jones

Sustainability, Volume: 15, Issue: 6, Start page: 5495

Swansea University Authors: SAM REIS, Peter Holliman , Eurig Jones

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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/su15065495

Abstract

The global steel industry uses fossil fuels to produce millions of tonnes of iron ore sinter each year. Sintering is an energy-intensive process that fuses iron ore and flux to produce material that balances a high mechanical strength at a sufficient particle size to ensure a macroporous burden in t...

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Published in:	Sustainability
ISSN:	2071-1050
Published:	MDPI AG 2023
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URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63005
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A proximate analysis revealed both ecoke® samples to have higher volatile matter contents (ca. 12–13%) than the coke breeze (7.4%), but less than the anthracite coal (ca. 14%). The thermogravimetric analysis of the burnout kinetics of the fuels heated up to 1000 °C, at heating rates from 5 to 25 °C/min, showed that that the coke breeze and anthracite coal had higher ignition and burnout temperatures than the ecoke® samples. Kinetic analysis using the Freidman and Ozawa methods found that the ecoke® samples showed comparable maximum mass loss rates to the coke breeze but lower activation energies. 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spelling	v2 63005 2023-03-22 Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering 0b154a8efe1865f95b469db79b645078 SAM REIS SAM REIS true false c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9 0000-0002-9911-8513 Peter Holliman Peter Holliman true false c6d92fb58a378914f3fdff316a9b4b29 Eurig Jones Eurig Jones true false 2023-03-22 The global steel industry uses fossil fuels to produce millions of tonnes of iron ore sinter each year. Sintering is an energy-intensive process that fuses iron ore and flux to produce material that balances a high mechanical strength at a sufficient particle size to ensure a macroporous burden in the blast furnace to enable rapid gas flow. As significant CO2 greenhouse emissions are emitted, the defossilisation of these CO2 emissions is vital to net-zero carbon targets. Two iterations of a new biomass–coal hybrid fuel (ecoke®(A) and ecoke®(B)) were compared with coke breeze and an anthracite coal using oxygen bomb calorimetry, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) combining thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, and isoconversional kinetic modelling and pyrolysis–GCMS to study the volatile matter. The calorific values of both ecoke®(A) and (B) were marginally higher than that of the coke breeze: 27.9 MJ/kg and 27.8 MJ/kg, respectively, compared with 26.5 MJ/kg for the coke breeze. A proximate analysis revealed both ecoke® samples to have higher volatile matter contents (ca. 12–13%) than the coke breeze (7.4%), but less than the anthracite coal (ca. 14%). The thermogravimetric analysis of the burnout kinetics of the fuels heated up to 1000 °C, at heating rates from 5 to 25 °C/min, showed that that the coke breeze and anthracite coal had higher ignition and burnout temperatures than the ecoke® samples. Kinetic analysis using the Freidman and Ozawa methods found that the ecoke® samples showed comparable maximum mass loss rates to the coke breeze but lower activation energies. From these results, both ecoke® samples have the potential to replace some of the coke breeze in the sintering process or EAF processes to help achieve net zero by offsetting up to 30% of the CO2 emissions. Journal Article Sustainability 15 6 5495 MDPI AG 2071-1050 iron ore sintering; net-zero ironmaking; biofuel; thermogravimetry; isoconversional kinetics 21 3 2023 2023-03-21 10.3390/su15065495 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065495 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University External research funder(s) paid the OA fee (includes OA grants disbursed by the Library) EP/S018107/1 (SUSTAIN), EPSRC iCASE 2610332 2023-12-04T10:17:30.7975777 2023-03-22T10:30:40.7817957 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering SAM REIS 1 Peter Holliman 0000-0002-9911-8513 2 Ciaran Martin 3 Eurig Jones 4 63005__26941__7a328f51715f41a0ab9e8dd34fcb976b.pdf 63005.VOR.pdf 2023-03-27T17:15:50.1362168 Output 4416336 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 177 Sam Reis true https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/su15065495/s1 false
title	Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering
spellingShingle	Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering SAM REIS Peter Holliman Eurig Jones
title_short	Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering
title_full	Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering
title_fullStr	Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering
title_full_unstemmed	Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering
title_sort	Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering
author_id_str_mv	0b154a8efe1865f95b469db79b645078 c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9 c6d92fb58a378914f3fdff316a9b4b29
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author	SAM REIS Peter Holliman Eurig Jones
author2	SAM REIS Peter Holliman Ciaran Martin Eurig Jones
format	Journal article
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container_issue	6
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department_str	School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
url	http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065495
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description	The global steel industry uses fossil fuels to produce millions of tonnes of iron ore sinter each year. Sintering is an energy-intensive process that fuses iron ore and flux to produce material that balances a high mechanical strength at a sufficient particle size to ensure a macroporous burden in the blast furnace to enable rapid gas flow. As significant CO2 greenhouse emissions are emitted, the defossilisation of these CO2 emissions is vital to net-zero carbon targets. Two iterations of a new biomass–coal hybrid fuel (ecoke®(A) and ecoke®(B)) were compared with coke breeze and an anthracite coal using oxygen bomb calorimetry, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) combining thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, and isoconversional kinetic modelling and pyrolysis–GCMS to study the volatile matter. The calorific values of both ecoke®(A) and (B) were marginally higher than that of the coke breeze: 27.9 MJ/kg and 27.8 MJ/kg, respectively, compared with 26.5 MJ/kg for the coke breeze. A proximate analysis revealed both ecoke® samples to have higher volatile matter contents (ca. 12–13%) than the coke breeze (7.4%), but less than the anthracite coal (ca. 14%). The thermogravimetric analysis of the burnout kinetics of the fuels heated up to 1000 °C, at heating rates from 5 to 25 °C/min, showed that that the coke breeze and anthracite coal had higher ignition and burnout temperatures than the ecoke® samples. Kinetic analysis using the Freidman and Ozawa methods found that the ecoke® samples showed comparable maximum mass loss rates to the coke breeze but lower activation energies. From these results, both ecoke® samples have the potential to replace some of the coke breeze in the sintering process or EAF processes to help achieve net zero by offsetting up to 30% of the CO2 emissions.
published_date	2023-03-21T10:17:31Z
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Biomass–Coal Hybrid Fuel: A Route to Net-Zero Iron Ore Sintering

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