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Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies

Gavin D J Harper Orcid Logo, Emma Kendrick Orcid Logo, Paul A Anderson Orcid Logo, Wojciech Mrozik, Paul Christensen Orcid Logo, Simon Lambert, David Greenwood Orcid Logo, Prodip K Das Orcid Logo, Mohamed Ahmeid, Zoran Milojevic, Wenjia Du Orcid Logo, Dan J L Brett Orcid Logo, Paul R Shearing Orcid Logo, Alireza Rastegarpanah, Rustam Stolkin, Roberto Sommerville, Anton Zorin, Jessica L Durham, Andrew P Abbott Orcid Logo, Dana Thompson, Nigel D Browning, B Layla Mehdi, Mounib Bahri, Felipe Schanider-Tontini, D Nicholls, Christin Stallmeister, Bernd Friedrich Orcid Logo, Marcus Sommerfeld Orcid Logo, Laura L Driscoll, Abbey Jarvis Orcid Logo, Emily C Giles Orcid Logo, Peter R Slater Orcid Logo, Virginia Echavarri-Bravo Orcid Logo, Giovanni Maddalena Orcid Logo, Louise E Horsfall, Linda Gaines, Qiang Dai, Shiva J Jethwa, Albert L Lipson, Gary A Leeke, Thomas Cowell, Joseph Gresle Farthing, Greta Mariani, Amy Smith, Zubera Iqbal, Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh, Luke Sweeney, Vannessa Goodship, Zheng Li, Jacqueline Edge Orcid Logo, Laura Lander, Viet Tien Nguyen, Robert J R Elliot, Oliver Heidrich, Margaret Slattery, Daniel Reed, Jyoti Ahuja, Aleksandra Cavoski, Robert Lee, Elizabeth Driscoll, Jenny Baker, Peter Littlewood, Iain Styles, Sampriti Mahanty, Frank Boons

Journal of Physics: Energy, Volume: 5, Issue: 2, Start page: 021501

Swansea University Author: Jenny Baker

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DOI (Published version): 10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57

Abstract

The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and r...

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Published in: Journal of Physics: Energy
ISSN: 2515-7655
Published: IOP Publishing 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62794
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Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state-of-health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates EOL disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of EOL battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research. 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Layla</firstname><surname>Mehdi</surname><order>22</order></author><author><firstname>Mounib</firstname><surname>Bahri</surname><order>23</order></author><author><firstname>Felipe</firstname><surname>Schanider-Tontini</surname><order>24</order></author><author><firstname>D</firstname><surname>Nicholls</surname><order>25</order></author><author><firstname>Christin</firstname><surname>Stallmeister</surname><order>26</order></author><author><firstname>Bernd</firstname><surname>Friedrich</surname><orcid>0000-0002-2934-2034</orcid><order>27</order></author><author><firstname>Marcus</firstname><surname>Sommerfeld</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1560-6350</orcid><order>28</order></author><author><firstname>Laura L</firstname><surname>Driscoll</surname><order>29</order></author><author><firstname>Abbey</firstname><surname>Jarvis</surname><orcid>0000-0003-4421-904x</orcid><order>30</order></author><author><firstname>Emily 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R</firstname><surname>Elliot</surname><order>53</order></author><author><firstname>Oliver</firstname><surname>Heidrich</surname><order>54</order></author><author><firstname>Margaret</firstname><surname>Slattery</surname><order>55</order></author><author><firstname>Daniel</firstname><surname>Reed</surname><order>56</order></author><author><firstname>Jyoti</firstname><surname>Ahuja</surname><order>57</order></author><author><firstname>Aleksandra</firstname><surname>Cavoski</surname><order>58</order></author><author><firstname>Robert</firstname><surname>Lee</surname><order>59</order></author><author><firstname>Elizabeth</firstname><surname>Driscoll</surname><order>60</order></author><author><firstname>Jenny</firstname><surname>Baker</surname><order>61</order></author><author><firstname>Peter</firstname><surname>Littlewood</surname><order>62</order></author><author><firstname>Iain</firstname><surname>Styles</surname><order>63</order></author><author><firstname>Sampriti</firstname><surname>Mahanty</surname><order>64</order></author><author><firstname>Frank</firstname><surname>Boons</surname><order>65</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>62794__26747__5dd50da8562849169e5d21931a4b08f2.pdf</filename><originalFilename>62794.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2023-03-06T10:57:23.5549606</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>12310828</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version 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spelling 2023-04-20T16:39:15.3195398 v2 62794 2023-03-06 Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies 6913b56f36f0c8cd34d8c9040d2df460 Jenny Baker Jenny Baker true false 2023-03-06 BATH The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state-of-health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates EOL disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of EOL battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research. This review takes the form of a series of short reviews, with each section written independently by a diverse international authorship of experts on the topic. Collectively, these reviews form a comprehensive picture of the current state of the art in LIB recycling, and how these technologies are expected to develop in the future. Journal Article Journal of Physics: Energy 5 2 021501 IOP Publishing 2515-7655 1 4 2023 2023-04-01 10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57 http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57 COLLEGE NANME Bath University COLLEGE CODE BATH Swansea University UKRI Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Centre for Technology Metals (Met4Tech) Grant EP/V011855/1 2023-04-20T16:39:15.3195398 2023-03-06T10:40:11.3772635 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering Gavin D J Harper 0000-0002-4691-6642 1 Emma Kendrick 0000-0002-4219-964x 2 Paul A Anderson 0000-0002-0613-7281 3 Wojciech Mrozik 4 Paul Christensen 0000-0002-4974-2000 5 Simon Lambert 6 David Greenwood 0000-0001-8632-6033 7 Prodip K Das 0000-0001-9096-3721 8 Mohamed Ahmeid 9 Zoran Milojevic 10 Wenjia Du 0000-0001-8434-4764 11 Dan J L Brett 0000-0002-8545-3126 12 Paul R Shearing 0000-0002-1387-9531 13 Alireza Rastegarpanah 14 Rustam Stolkin 15 Roberto Sommerville 16 Anton Zorin 17 Jessica L Durham 18 Andrew P Abbott 0000-0001-9556-8341 19 Dana Thompson 20 Nigel D Browning 21 B Layla Mehdi 22 Mounib Bahri 23 Felipe Schanider-Tontini 24 D Nicholls 25 Christin Stallmeister 26 Bernd Friedrich 0000-0002-2934-2034 27 Marcus Sommerfeld 0000-0002-1560-6350 28 Laura L Driscoll 29 Abbey Jarvis 0000-0003-4421-904x 30 Emily C Giles 0000-0001-9880-1102 31 Peter R Slater 0000-0002-6280-7673 32 Virginia Echavarri-Bravo 0000-0002-6105-4008 33 Giovanni Maddalena 0000-0003-4233-911x 34 Louise E Horsfall 35 Linda Gaines 36 Qiang Dai 37 Shiva J Jethwa 38 Albert L Lipson 39 Gary A Leeke 40 Thomas Cowell 41 Joseph Gresle Farthing 42 Greta Mariani 43 Amy Smith 44 Zubera Iqbal 45 Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh 46 Luke Sweeney 47 Vannessa Goodship 48 Zheng Li 49 Jacqueline Edge 0000-0003-4643-2426 50 Laura Lander 51 Viet Tien Nguyen 52 Robert J R Elliot 53 Oliver Heidrich 54 Margaret Slattery 55 Daniel Reed 56 Jyoti Ahuja 57 Aleksandra Cavoski 58 Robert Lee 59 Elizabeth Driscoll 60 Jenny Baker 61 Peter Littlewood 62 Iain Styles 63 Sampriti Mahanty 64 Frank Boons 65 62794__26747__5dd50da8562849169e5d21931a4b08f2.pdf 62794.pdf 2023-03-06T10:57:23.5549606 Output 12310828 application/pdf Version of Record true Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
spellingShingle Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
Jenny Baker
title_short Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
title_full Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
title_fullStr Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
title_full_unstemmed Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
title_sort Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
author_id_str_mv 6913b56f36f0c8cd34d8c9040d2df460
author_id_fullname_str_mv 6913b56f36f0c8cd34d8c9040d2df460_***_Jenny Baker
author Jenny Baker
author2 Gavin D J Harper
Emma Kendrick
Paul A Anderson
Wojciech Mrozik
Paul Christensen
Simon Lambert
David Greenwood
Prodip K Das
Mohamed Ahmeid
Zoran Milojevic
Wenjia Du
Dan J L Brett
Paul R Shearing
Alireza Rastegarpanah
Rustam Stolkin
Roberto Sommerville
Anton Zorin
Jessica L Durham
Andrew P Abbott
Dana Thompson
Nigel D Browning
B Layla Mehdi
Mounib Bahri
Felipe Schanider-Tontini
D Nicholls
Christin Stallmeister
Bernd Friedrich
Marcus Sommerfeld
Laura L Driscoll
Abbey Jarvis
Emily C Giles
Peter R Slater
Virginia Echavarri-Bravo
Giovanni Maddalena
Louise E Horsfall
Linda Gaines
Qiang Dai
Shiva J Jethwa
Albert L Lipson
Gary A Leeke
Thomas Cowell
Joseph Gresle Farthing
Greta Mariani
Amy Smith
Zubera Iqbal
Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh
Luke Sweeney
Vannessa Goodship
Zheng Li
Jacqueline Edge
Laura Lander
Viet Tien Nguyen
Robert J R Elliot
Oliver Heidrich
Margaret Slattery
Daniel Reed
Jyoti Ahuja
Aleksandra Cavoski
Robert Lee
Elizabeth Driscoll
Jenny Baker
Peter Littlewood
Iain Styles
Sampriti Mahanty
Frank Boons
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Physics: Energy
container_volume 5
container_issue 2
container_start_page 021501
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 2515-7655
doi_str_mv 10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57
publisher IOP Publishing
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state-of-health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates EOL disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of EOL battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research. This review takes the form of a series of short reviews, with each section written independently by a diverse international authorship of experts on the topic. Collectively, these reviews form a comprehensive picture of the current state of the art in LIB recycling, and how these technologies are expected to develop in the future.
published_date 2023-04-01T05:24:10Z
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score 11.04748

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