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Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis

Sergio Trevi, Tamsyn Uren Webster Orcid Logo, Sofia Consuegra del Olmo Orcid Logo, Carlos Garcia De Leaniz Orcid Logo

Scientific Reports, Volume: 13, Issue: 1

Swansea University Authors: Sergio Trevi, Tamsyn Uren Webster Orcid Logo, Sofia Consuegra del Olmo Orcid Logo, Carlos Garcia De Leaniz Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1038/s41598-023-29183-x

Abstract

Use of microalgae in fish nutrition can relieve pressure on wild fish stocks, but there is no systematic quantitative evaluation of microalgae benefits. We conducted a metanalysis on the nutritional benefits of Spirulina and Schizochytrium as replacements of fishmeal and fish or plant oil, respectiv...

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Published in: Scientific Reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62674
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We conducted a metanalysis on the nutritional benefits of Spirulina and Schizochytrium as replacements of fishmeal and fish or plant oil, respectively. We reviewed 50 peer-reviewed studies involving 26 finfish species and 144 control vs microalgae replacement comparisons. Inclusion of Spirulina in the fish diet significantly improved growth compared to controls (SMD = 1.21; 95% CI 0.71&#x2013;1.70), while inclusion of Schizochytrium maintained the content of omega-3 PUFA of the fish fillet compared to fish fed on fish or plant oils (SMD = 0.62; 95% CI &#x2212; 0.51&#x2013;1.76). Benefits were apparent at replacement levels as low as 0.025% in the case of Spirulina and 10% in the case of Schizochytrium oil. Dose-dependent effects were found for Spirulina replacement on growth, but not for Schizochytrium on omega-3 fillet content. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression revealed that ~ 24&#x2013;27% of variation in effect sizes can be accounted by variation between fish families, the rest likely reflecting variation in experimental conditions. Overall, the evidence indicates that Spirulina and Schizochytrium replacement in aquafeeds can be used to improve fish growth and maintain fillet quality, respectively, but considerable uncertainty exists on the predicted responses. To reduce uncertainty and facilitate the transition towards more sustainable aquafeeds, we recommend that feeding trials using microalgae are conducted under commercially relevant conditions and that greater care is taken to report full results to account for sources of heterogeneity.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Scientific Reports</journal><volume>13</volume><journalNumber>1</journalNumber><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>2045-2322</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>7</publishedDay><publishedMonth>2</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2023</publishedYear><publishedDate>2023-02-07</publishedDate><doi>10.1038/s41598-023-29183-x</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Biosciences</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>SBI</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>Funding for this research was provided by a Swansea University PhD scholarship to ST funded in collaboration with the WEFO ERDF SMARTAQUA Operation.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2023-03-09T14:45:23.4636263</lastEdited><Created>2023-02-16T09:42:27.3619408</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Sergio</firstname><surname>Trevi</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Tamsyn</firstname><surname>Uren Webster</surname><orcid>0000-0002-0072-9745</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Sofia</firstname><surname>Consuegra del Olmo</surname><orcid>0000-0003-4403-2509</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Carlos</firstname><surname>Garcia De Leaniz</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1650-2729</orcid><order>4</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>62674__26593__34bacd444c7546fb9123e73003443717.pdf</filename><originalFilename>62674.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2023-02-16T09:45:34.5354013</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>4461169</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2023-03-09T14:45:23.4636263 v2 62674 2023-02-16 Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis aaed147903dd0f65ddf0de01dd2a0729 Sergio Trevi Sergio Trevi true false 3ea91c154926c86f89ea6a761122ecf6 0000-0002-0072-9745 Tamsyn Uren Webster Tamsyn Uren Webster true false 241f2810ab8f56be53ca8af23e384c6e 0000-0003-4403-2509 Sofia Consuegra del Olmo Sofia Consuegra del Olmo true false 1c70acd0fd64edb0856b7cf34393ab02 0000-0003-1650-2729 Carlos Garcia De Leaniz Carlos Garcia De Leaniz true false 2023-02-16 SBI Use of microalgae in fish nutrition can relieve pressure on wild fish stocks, but there is no systematic quantitative evaluation of microalgae benefits. We conducted a metanalysis on the nutritional benefits of Spirulina and Schizochytrium as replacements of fishmeal and fish or plant oil, respectively. We reviewed 50 peer-reviewed studies involving 26 finfish species and 144 control vs microalgae replacement comparisons. Inclusion of Spirulina in the fish diet significantly improved growth compared to controls (SMD = 1.21; 95% CI 0.71–1.70), while inclusion of Schizochytrium maintained the content of omega-3 PUFA of the fish fillet compared to fish fed on fish or plant oils (SMD = 0.62; 95% CI − 0.51–1.76). Benefits were apparent at replacement levels as low as 0.025% in the case of Spirulina and 10% in the case of Schizochytrium oil. Dose-dependent effects were found for Spirulina replacement on growth, but not for Schizochytrium on omega-3 fillet content. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression revealed that ~ 24–27% of variation in effect sizes can be accounted by variation between fish families, the rest likely reflecting variation in experimental conditions. Overall, the evidence indicates that Spirulina and Schizochytrium replacement in aquafeeds can be used to improve fish growth and maintain fillet quality, respectively, but considerable uncertainty exists on the predicted responses. To reduce uncertainty and facilitate the transition towards more sustainable aquafeeds, we recommend that feeding trials using microalgae are conducted under commercially relevant conditions and that greater care is taken to report full results to account for sources of heterogeneity. Journal Article Scientific Reports 13 1 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2045-2322 7 2 2023 2023-02-07 10.1038/s41598-023-29183-x COLLEGE NANME Biosciences COLLEGE CODE SBI Swansea University Funding for this research was provided by a Swansea University PhD scholarship to ST funded in collaboration with the WEFO ERDF SMARTAQUA Operation. 2023-03-09T14:45:23.4636263 2023-02-16T09:42:27.3619408 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Sergio Trevi 1 Tamsyn Uren Webster 0000-0002-0072-9745 2 Sofia Consuegra del Olmo 0000-0003-4403-2509 3 Carlos Garcia De Leaniz 0000-0003-1650-2729 4 62674__26593__34bacd444c7546fb9123e73003443717.pdf 62674.pdf 2023-02-16T09:45:34.5354013 Output 4461169 application/pdf Version of Record true This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
spellingShingle Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
Sergio Trevi
Tamsyn Uren Webster
Sofia Consuegra del Olmo
Carlos Garcia De Leaniz
title_short Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
title_full Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
title_fullStr Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
title_full_unstemmed Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
title_sort Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
author_id_str_mv aaed147903dd0f65ddf0de01dd2a0729
3ea91c154926c86f89ea6a761122ecf6
241f2810ab8f56be53ca8af23e384c6e
1c70acd0fd64edb0856b7cf34393ab02
author_id_fullname_str_mv aaed147903dd0f65ddf0de01dd2a0729_***_Sergio Trevi
3ea91c154926c86f89ea6a761122ecf6_***_Tamsyn Uren Webster
241f2810ab8f56be53ca8af23e384c6e_***_Sofia Consuegra del Olmo
1c70acd0fd64edb0856b7cf34393ab02_***_Carlos Garcia De Leaniz
author Sergio Trevi
Tamsyn Uren Webster
Sofia Consuegra del Olmo
Carlos Garcia De Leaniz
author2 Sergio Trevi
Tamsyn Uren Webster
Sofia Consuegra del Olmo
Carlos Garcia De Leaniz
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container_title Scientific Reports
container_volume 13
container_issue 1
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 2045-2322
doi_str_mv 10.1038/s41598-023-29183-x
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
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description Use of microalgae in fish nutrition can relieve pressure on wild fish stocks, but there is no systematic quantitative evaluation of microalgae benefits. We conducted a metanalysis on the nutritional benefits of Spirulina and Schizochytrium as replacements of fishmeal and fish or plant oil, respectively. We reviewed 50 peer-reviewed studies involving 26 finfish species and 144 control vs microalgae replacement comparisons. Inclusion of Spirulina in the fish diet significantly improved growth compared to controls (SMD = 1.21; 95% CI 0.71–1.70), while inclusion of Schizochytrium maintained the content of omega-3 PUFA of the fish fillet compared to fish fed on fish or plant oils (SMD = 0.62; 95% CI − 0.51–1.76). Benefits were apparent at replacement levels as low as 0.025% in the case of Spirulina and 10% in the case of Schizochytrium oil. Dose-dependent effects were found for Spirulina replacement on growth, but not for Schizochytrium on omega-3 fillet content. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression revealed that ~ 24–27% of variation in effect sizes can be accounted by variation between fish families, the rest likely reflecting variation in experimental conditions. Overall, the evidence indicates that Spirulina and Schizochytrium replacement in aquafeeds can be used to improve fish growth and maintain fillet quality, respectively, but considerable uncertainty exists on the predicted responses. To reduce uncertainty and facilitate the transition towards more sustainable aquafeeds, we recommend that feeding trials using microalgae are conducted under commercially relevant conditions and that greater care is taken to report full results to account for sources of heterogeneity.
published_date 2023-02-07T04:22:29Z
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