Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County

Ochola, Sophie; Kanerva, Noora; Wachira, Lucy Joy; Owino, George E.; Anono, Esther L.; Walsh, Hanna M.; Okoth, Victor; Erkkola, Maijaliisa; Swindell, Nils; Stratton, Gareth; Onywera, Vincent; Fogelholm, Mikael

doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000331

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Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County

Sophie Ochola

, Noora Kanerva, Lucy Joy Wachira

, George E. Owino

, Esther L. Anono

, Hanna M. Walsh, Victor Okoth, Maijaliisa Erkkola

, Nils Swindell, Gareth Stratton

, Vincent Onywera, Mikael Fogelholm

PLOS Global Public Health, Volume: 3, Issue: 2, Start page: e0000331

Swansea University Authors: Nils Swindell, Gareth Stratton

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000331

Abstract

The prevalence of non-communicable diseases is increasing in lower-middle-income coun-tries as these countries transition to unhealthy lifestyles. The transition is mostly predomi-nant in urban areas. We assessed the association between wealth and obesity in two sub-counties in Nairobi City County,...

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The transition is mostly predomi-nant in urban areas. We assessed the association between wealth and obesity in two sub-counties in Nairobi City County, Kenya, in the context of family and poverty. This cross-sec-tional study was conducted among of 9–14 years old pre-adolescents and their guardiansliving in low- (Embakasi) and middle-income (Langata) sub-counties. The sociodemo-graphic characteristics were collected using a validated questionnaire. Weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and waist circumference were measured using standardapproved protocols. Socioeconomic characteristics of the residential sites were accessedusing Wealth Index, created by using Principal Component Analysis. Statistical analyseswere done by analysis of variance (continuous variables, comparison of areas) and withlogistic and linear regression models.A total of 149 households, response rate of 93%, par-ticipated, 72 from Embakasi and 77 from Langata. 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spelling	v2 62554 2023-02-03 Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County d89a0a3fb118e1cf625fddc68cdf25bb Nils Swindell Nils Swindell true false 6d62b2ed126961bed81a94a2beba8a01 0000-0001-5618-0803 Gareth Stratton Gareth Stratton true false 2023-02-03 ISSS The prevalence of non-communicable diseases is increasing in lower-middle-income coun-tries as these countries transition to unhealthy lifestyles. The transition is mostly predomi-nant in urban areas. We assessed the association between wealth and obesity in two sub-counties in Nairobi City County, Kenya, in the context of family and poverty. This cross-sec-tional study was conducted among of 9–14 years old pre-adolescents and their guardiansliving in low- (Embakasi) and middle-income (Langata) sub-counties. The sociodemo-graphic characteristics were collected using a validated questionnaire. Weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and waist circumference were measured using standardapproved protocols. Socioeconomic characteristics of the residential sites were accessedusing Wealth Index, created by using Principal Component Analysis. Statistical analyseswere done by analysis of variance (continuous variables, comparison of areas) and withlogistic and linear regression models.A total of 149 households, response rate of 93%, par-ticipated, 72 from Embakasi and 77 from Langata. Most of the participants residing in Emba-kasi belonged to the lower income and education groups whereas participants residing inLangata belonged to the higher income and education groups. About 30% of the pre-adoles-cent participants in Langata were overweight, compared to 6% in Embakasi (p<0.001). Incontrast, the prevalence of adults (mostly mothers) with overweight and obesity was high(65%) in both study areas. Wealth (β= 0.01; SE 0.0; p = 0.003) and income (β= 0.29; SE0.11; p = 0.009) predicted higher BMI z-score in pre-adolescents. In, pre-adolescent over-weight was already highly prevalent in the middle-income area, while the proportion ofwomen with overweight/obesity was high in the low-income area. These results suggest thata lifestyle promoting obesity is high regardless of socioeconomic status and wealth in Kenya. This provides a strong justification for promoting healthy lifestyles across all socio-economic classes. Journal Article PLOS Global Public Health 3 2 e0000331 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2767-3375 Obesity, Overweight , Socioeconomic aspects of health, Body Mass Index, Anthropometry, Adults, Human Families, Urban areas 0 0 0 0001-01-01 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000331 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000331 COLLEGE NANME Inclusive Student Support Services COLLEGE CODE ISSS Swansea University This study was part of a collaborative project“The Kenya-Finland Education and Research Alliance (KENFIN-EDURA)”(state grant HEL7M0453-82, sum 527,000 EUR awarded to MF. and VO) funded by the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs through The Higher Education Institutions Institutional Cooperation Instrument. 2023-06-01T15:47:08.3436573 2023-02-03T15:45:05.4185594 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences Sophie Ochola 0000-0003-0726-2428 1 Noora Kanerva 2 Lucy Joy Wachira 0000-0003-2805-5997 3 George E. Owino 0000-0002-5295-8937 4 Esther L. Anono 0000-0002-0268-1669 5 Hanna M. Walsh 6 Victor Okoth 7 Maijaliisa Erkkola 0000-0002-6966-1523 8 Nils Swindell 9 Gareth Stratton 0000-0001-5618-0803 10 Vincent Onywera 11 Mikael Fogelholm 12 62554__26867__2e08f8bfae9e4c99997e2cb4d7f19436.pdf 62554.pdf 2023-03-14T11:48:58.8851379 Output 711055 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2023 Ochola et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County
spellingShingle	Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County Nils Swindell Gareth Stratton
title_short	Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County
title_full	Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County
title_fullStr	Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County
title_full_unstemmed	Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County
title_sort	Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County
author_id_str_mv	d89a0a3fb118e1cf625fddc68cdf25bb 6d62b2ed126961bed81a94a2beba8a01
author_id_fullname_str_mv	d89a0a3fb118e1cf625fddc68cdf25bb_*_Nils Swindell 6d62b2ed126961bed81a94a2beba8a01_*_Gareth Stratton
author	Nils Swindell Gareth Stratton
author2	Sophie Ochola Noora Kanerva Lucy Joy Wachira George E. Owino Esther L. Anono Hanna M. Walsh Victor Okoth Maijaliisa Erkkola Nils Swindell Gareth Stratton Vincent Onywera Mikael Fogelholm
format	Journal article
container_title	PLOS Global Public Health
container_volume	3
container_issue	2
container_start_page	e0000331
institution	Swansea University
issn	2767-3375
doi_str_mv	10.1371/journal.pgph.0000331
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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department_str	School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
url	http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000331
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description	The prevalence of non-communicable diseases is increasing in lower-middle-income coun-tries as these countries transition to unhealthy lifestyles. The transition is mostly predomi-nant in urban areas. We assessed the association between wealth and obesity in two sub-counties in Nairobi City County, Kenya, in the context of family and poverty. This cross-sec-tional study was conducted among of 9–14 years old pre-adolescents and their guardiansliving in low- (Embakasi) and middle-income (Langata) sub-counties. The sociodemo-graphic characteristics were collected using a validated questionnaire. Weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and waist circumference were measured using standardapproved protocols. Socioeconomic characteristics of the residential sites were accessedusing Wealth Index, created by using Principal Component Analysis. Statistical analyseswere done by analysis of variance (continuous variables, comparison of areas) and withlogistic and linear regression models.A total of 149 households, response rate of 93%, par-ticipated, 72 from Embakasi and 77 from Langata. Most of the participants residing in Emba-kasi belonged to the lower income and education groups whereas participants residing inLangata belonged to the higher income and education groups. About 30% of the pre-adoles-cent participants in Langata were overweight, compared to 6% in Embakasi (p<0.001). Incontrast, the prevalence of adults (mostly mothers) with overweight and obesity was high(65%) in both study areas. Wealth (β= 0.01; SE 0.0; p = 0.003) and income (β= 0.29; SE0.11; p = 0.009) predicted higher BMI z-score in pre-adolescents. In, pre-adolescent over-weight was already highly prevalent in the middle-income area, while the proportion ofwomen with overweight/obesity was high in the low-income area. These results suggest thata lifestyle promoting obesity is high regardless of socioeconomic status and wealth in Kenya. This provides a strong justification for promoting healthy lifestyles across all socio-economic classes.
published_date	0001-01-01T15:47:07Z
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Wealth and obesity in pre-adolescents and their guardians: A first step in explaining non-communicable disease-related behaviour in two areas of Nairobi City County

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