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A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Andrew Thomas 
,
Nicole Legate,
Thuy-vy Ngyuen,
Netta Weinstein,
Arlen Moller,
Lisa Legault,
Zahir Vally,
Zuzanna Tajchman,
Andras N. Zsido,
Miha Zrimsek,
Zhang Chen,
Ignazio Ziano,
Zoi Gialitaki,
Chris D. Ceary,
Yuna Jang,
Yijun Lin,
Yoshihiko Kunisato,
Yuki Yamada,
Qinyu Xiao,
Xiaoming Jiang,
Xinkai Du,
Elvin Yao,
William S. Ryan,
John Paul Wilson,
Wilson Cyrus-Lai,
William Jimenez-Leal,
Wilbert Law,
Wenceslao Unanue,
W. Matthew Collins,
Karley L. Richard,
Marek Vranka,
Vladislav Ankushev,
Vidar Schei,
Chloe DePaola,
Veronika Lerche,
Vanja Kovic,
Valerija Križanić,
Veselina Hristova Kadreva,
Vera Cubela Adoric,
Ulrich S. Tran,
Siu Kit Yeung,
Widad Hassan,
Ralph Houston,
Michael A. Machin,
Tiago J. S. Lima,
Thomas Ostermann,
Thomas Frizzo,
Therese E. Sverdrup,
Thea House,
Tripat Gill,
Maksim Fedotov,
Tamar Paltrow,
Teodor Jernsäther,
Tasnim Rahman,
Tanya Machin,
Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm,
Thomas J. Hostler,
Tatsunori Ishii,
Barnabas Szaszi,
Sylwia Adamus,
Lilian Suter,
Suparpit M. von Bormann,
Sumaiya Habib,
Anna Studzinska,
Dragana Stojanovska,
Steve M. J. Janssen,
Stefan Stieger,
Stefan E. Schulenberg,
Srinivasan Tatachari,
Soufian Azouaghe,
Piotr Sorokowski,
Agnieszka Sorokowska,
Xin Song,
Sofie Morbée,
Savannah Lewis,
Sladjana Sinkolova,
Dmitry Grigoryev,
Shira Meir Drexler,
Shimrit Daches,
Shelby L. Levine,
Shawn N. Geniole,
Shahunur Akter,
Selena Vračar,
Sébastien Massoni,
Sebastiano Costa,
Saša Zorjan,
Eylul Sarioguz,
Sara Morales Izquierdo,
Sarah Suzette Tshonda,
Sara G. Alves,
Sara Pöntinen,
Sara Álvarez Solas,
Santiago Ordoñez-Riaño,
Sanja Batić Očovaj,
Sandersan Onie,
Samuel Lins,
Theresa Biberauer,
Sami Çoksan,
Sakda Khumkom,
Asli Sacakli,
Susana Ruiz-Fernández,
Sandra J. Geiger,
Saeideh FatahModares,
Radoslaw B. Walczak,
Ruben Betlehem,
Roosevelt Vilar,
Rodrigo A. Cárcamo,
Robert M. Ross,
Randy McCarthy,
Tonia Ballantyne,
Erin C. Westgate,
Richard M. Ryan,
Rafael Gargurevich,
Reza Afhami,
Dongning Ren,
Renan P. Monteiro,
Ulf-Dietrich Reips,
Niv Reggev,
Robert J. Calin-Jageman,
Razieh Pourafshari,
Raquel Oliveira,
Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova,
Rima-Maria Rahal,
Rafael R. Ribeiro,
Theda Radtke,
Rachel Searston,
Rachadaporn Jai-ai,
Redeate Habte,
Przemysław Zdybek,
Sau-Chin Chen,
Piyaorn Wajanatinapart,
Princess Lovella G. Maturan,
Jennifer T. Perillo,
Peder Mortvedt Isager,
Pavol Kačmár,
Paulo Manuel Macapagal,
Michael R. Maniaci,
Paulina Szwed,
Paul H. P. Hanel,
Paul A. G. Forbes,
Patricia Arriaga,
Bastien Paris,
Neha Parashar,
Konstantinos Papachristopoulos,
Pablo Sebastián Correa,
Ondřej Kácha,
Márcia Bernardo,
Olatz Campos,
Olalla Niño Bravo,
Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero,
Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya,
Olga Bialobrzeska,
Natalia Kiselnikova,
Nicolle Simonovic,
Noga Cohen,
Nora L. Nock,
Alejandrina Hernandez,
Cecilie Thogersen-Ntoumani,
Nikos Ntoumanis,
Niklas Johannes,
Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir,
Nicolas Say,
Andreas B. Neubauer,
Neil I. Martin,
Neil Levy,
Nathan Torunsky,
Natasha van Antwerpen,
Natalia Van Doren,
Naoyuki Sunami,
Nikolay R. Rachev,
Nadyanna M. Majeed,
Nadya-Daniela Schmidt,
Khaoula Nadif,
Nadia S. Corral-Frías,
Nihal Ouherrou,
Nida Abbas,
Myrto Pantazi,
Marc Y. Lucas,
Martin R. Vasilev,
María Victoria Ortiz,
Muhammad Mussaffa Butt,
Murathan Kurfalı,
Muhib Kabir,
Rafał Muda,
María del Carmen MC Tejada Rivera,
Miroslav Sirota,
Martin Seehuus,
Michal Parzuchowski,
Mónica Toro,
Monika Hricova,
Mónica Alarcón Maldonado,
Panagiotis Rentzelas,
Maarten Vansteenkiste,
Molly A. Metz,
Magdalena Marszalek,
Maria Karekla,
Giovanna Mioni,
Minke Jasmijn Bosma,
Minja Westerlund,
Milica Vdovic,
Michal Bialek,
Miguel A. Silan,
Michele Anne,
Michal Misiak,
Maria C. Gugliandolo,
Maurice Grinberg,
Mariagrazia Capizzi,
Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría,
Merve A. Kurfali,
Michael C. Mensink,
Mikayel Harutyunyan,
Meetu Khosla,
Megan R. Dunn,
Max Korbmacher,
Matúš Adamkovič,
Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro,
Maria Terskova,
Matej Hruška,
Marcel Martončik,
Martine Jansen,
Martin Voracek,
Martin Čadek,
Martha Frias-Armenta,
Marta Kowal,
Marta Topor,
Marta Roczniewska,
Marlies Oosterlinck,
Markéta Braun Kohlová,
Mariola Paruzel-Czachura,
Marina Sabristov,
Marina Romanova,
Marietta Papadatou-Pastou,
Maria Louise Lund,
Maria Antoniadi,
Maria Elena Magrin,
Marc V. Jones,
Manyu Li,
Manuel S. Ortiz,
Mathi Manavalan,
Abdumalik Muminov,
Małgorzata Kossowska,
Maja Friedemann,
Magdalena Wielgus,
Madelon L.M. van Hooff,
Marco A. C. Varella,
Martyn Standage,
Matilde Nicolotti,
Melissa F. Colloff,
Maria Bradford,
Leigh Ann Vaughn,
Luis Eudave,
Luc Vieira,
Jackson G. Lu,
Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda,
Lennia Matos,
Laura Calderón Pérez,
Ljiljana B. Lazarevic,
Lisa M. Jaremka,
Eline Suzanne Smit,
Elizaveta Kushnir,
Lisa J. Ferguson,
Lisa Anton-Boicuk,
Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho,
Lina Ahlgren,
Francesca Liga,
Carmel A. Levitan,
Leticia Micheli,
Lesley-Ann Gunton,
Leonhard Volz,
Marija Stojanovska,
Leanne Boucher,
Lara Samojlenko,
Lady Grey Javela Delgado,
Lada Kaliska,
Labadi Beatrix,
Lara Warmelink,
Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia,
Karen Yu,
Keith Wylie,
Jakub Wachowicz,
Kermeka Desai,
Krystian Barzykowski,
Luca Kozma,
Kortnee Evans,
Komila Kirgizova,
Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin,
Monica A. Koehn,
Kelly Wolfe,
Tatiana Korobova,
Katherine Morris,
Kristoffer Klevjer,
Kevin van Schie,
Kevin Vezirian,
Kaja Damnjanović,
Katrine Krabbe Thommesen,
Kathleen Schmidt,
Katarzyna Filip,
Karolina Staniaszek,
Karolina Grzech,
Karlijn Hoyer,
Karis Moon,
Sirikon Khaobunmasiri,
Kafeel Rana,
Kristina Janjić,
Jordan W. Suchow,
Julita Kielińska,
Julio E. Cruz Vásquez,
Julien Chanal,
Julia Beitner,
Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto,
Jose Carlos T. Roxas,
Jennifer Taber,
Joan Urriago-Rayo,
Jeffrey M. Pavlacic,
Jozef Benka,
Jozef Bavolar,
José A. Soto,
Jonas K. Olofsson,
Johannes K. Vilsmeier,
Johanna Messerschmidt,
Johanna Czamanski-Cohen,
Joachim Waterschoot,
Jennifer D. Moss,
Jordane Boudesseul,
Jeong Min Lee,
Julia Kamburidis,
Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba,
Janis Zickfeld,
Jacob F. Miranda,
Jeroen P. H. Verharen,
Evgeniya Hristova,
Julie E. Beshears,
Jasna Milosevic Djordjevic,
Jasmijn Bosch,
Jaroslava Varella Valentova,
Jan Antfolk,
Jana B. Berkessel,
Jana Schrötter,
Jan Urban,
Jan Philipp Röer,
James O. Norton,
Jaime R. Silva,
Jade S. Pickering,
Jáchym Vintr,
Jim Uttley,
Jonas R. Kunst,
Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe,
Aishwarya Iyer,
Iris Vilares,
Aleksandr Ivanov,
Ivan Ropovik,
Isabela Sula,
Irena Sarieva,
Irem Metin-Orta,
Irina Prusova,
Isabel Pinto,
Andreea Ioana Bozdoc,
Inês A. T. Almeida,
Ilse L. Pit,
Ilker Dalgar,
Ilya Zakharov,
Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze,
Keiko Ihaya,
Ian D. Stephen,
Biljana Gjoneska,
Hilmar Brohmer,
Heather Flowe,
Hendrik Godbersen,
Halil Emre Kocalar,
Mattie V. Hedgebeth,
Hu Chuan-Peng,
MohammadHasan Sharifian,
Harry Manley,
Handan Akkas,
Nandor Hajdu,
Habiba Azab,
Gwenael Kaminski,
Gustav Nilsonne,
Gulnaz Anjum,
Giovanni A. Travaglino,
Gilad Feldman,
Gerit Pfuhl,
Gabriela Czarnek,
Gabriela Mariana Marcu,
Gabriela Hofer,
Gabriel Banik,
Gabriel Agboola Adetula,
Gijsbert Bijlstra,
Frederick Verbruggen,
Franki Y. H. Kung,
Frank Martela,
Francesco Foroni,
Jacques Forest,
Gage Singer,
Fany Muchembled,
Flavio Azevedo,
Farnaz Mosannenzadeh,
Evelina Marinova,
Eva Štrukelj,
Zahra Etebari,
Emma L. Bradshaw,
Ernest Baskin,
Elkin Oswaldo Luis Garcia,
Erica Musser,
I.M.M. van Steenkiste,
El Rim Ahn,
Eleanor Quested,
Ekaterina Pronizius,
Emily A. Jackson,
Efisio Manunta,
Elena Agadullina,
Dušana Šakan,
Pinar Dursun,
Olivier Dujols,
Dmitrii Dubrov,
Megan Willis,
Murat Tümer,
Jennifer L. Beaudry,
Dora Popović,
Daniel Dunleavy,
Ikhlas Djamai,
Dino Krupić,
Dora Herrera,
Diego Vega,
Hongfei Du,
Débora Mola,
Desislava Chakarova,
William E. Davis,
Dawn Liu Holford,
David M. G. Lewis,
David C. Vaidis,
Daphna Hausman Ozery,
Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte,
Daniel Storage,
Daniela Sousa,
Daniela Serrato Alvarez,
Daniel Boller,
Anna Dalla Rosa,
Daliborka Dimova,
Dajana Krupić,
Dafne Marko,
David Moreau,
Crystal Reeck,
Rita C. Correia,
Cassie M. Whitt,
Claus Lamm,
Claudio Singh Solorzano,
Claudia C. von Bastian,
Clare AM Sutherland,
Clara Overkott,
Christopher L. Aberson,
Chunhui Wang,
Christopher P. Niemiec,
Christiana Karashiali,
Chris Noone,
Faith Chiu,
Chiara Picciocchi,
Charlotte Brownlow,
Cemre Karaarslan,
Nicola Cellini,
Celia Esteban-Serna,
Cecilia Reyna,
Cecilia Ferreyra,
Carlota Batres,
Ranran Li,
Caterina Grano,
Joelle Carpentier,
Christian K. Tamnes,
Cynthia H.Y. Fu,
Byurakn Ishkhanyan,
Lisa Bylinina,
Bastian Jaeger,
Carsten Bundt,
Tara Bulut Allred,
Branko J. Vermote,
Ahmed Bokkour,
Natalia Bogatyreva,
Jiaxin Shi,
William J. Chopik,
Benedict Antazo,
Behzad Behzadnia,
Maja Becker,
Manal M. Bayyat,
Beatrice Cocco,
Wei-Lun Chou,
Vassilis Barkoukis,
Barbora Hubena,
Barbara Žuro,
Balazs Aczel,
Ekaterina Baklanova,
Hui Bai,
Busra Bahar Balci,
Peter Babinčák,
Bart Soenens,
Barnaby James Wyld Dixson,
Aviv Mokady,
Heather Barry Kappes,
Mohammad Atari,
Anna Szala,
Anna Szabelska,
John Jamir Benzon Aruta,
Artur Domurat,
Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze,
Arianna Modena,
Arca Adiguzel,
Arash Monajem,
Kanza AIT EL ARABI,
Asil Ali Özdoğru,
Alex O. Rothbaum,
Adriana Olaya Torres,
Andriana Theodoropoulou,
Anna Skowronek,
Anita Penić Jurković,
Anisha Singh,
Angelos P. Kassianos,
Andrej Findor,
Andree Hartanto,
Anais Thibault Landry,
Ana Ferreira,
Anabela Caetano Santos,
Anabel De la Rosa-Gomez,
Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe,
Alexandria M. Luxon,
Anna Louise Todsen,
Alper Karababa,
Allison Janak,
Alice Pilato,
Alexandre Bran,
Alexa M. Tullett,
Anna O. Kuzminska,
Anthony J. Krafnick,
Anum Urooj,
Ahmed Khaoudi,
Afroja Ahmed,
Agata Groyecka-Bernard,
Adrian Dahl Askelund,
Adeyemi Adetula,
Anabel Belaus,
Abdelilah Ca Charyate,
Aaron L. Wichman,
Alina Stoyanova,
Anna Greenburgh,
Andrew G. Thomas,
Alexios Arvanitis,
Patrick S. Forscher,
Peter R. Mallik,
Nicholas A. Coles,
Jeremy K. Miller,
Hannah Moshontz,
Heather L. Urry,
Hans IJzerman,
Dana M. Basnight-Brown,
Charles R. Ebersole,
Christopher R. Chartier,
Erin M. Buchanan,
Maximilian A. Primbs,
Andrew G. Thomas
,
Nicole Legate,
Thuy-vy Ngyuen,
Netta Weinstein,
Arlen Moller,
Lisa Legault,
Zahir Vally,
Zuzanna Tajchman,
Andras N. Zsido,
Miha Zrimsek,
Zhang Chen,
Ignazio Ziano,
Zoi Gialitaki,
Chris D. Ceary,
Yuna Jang,
Yijun Lin,
Yoshihiko Kunisato,
Yuki Yamada,
Qinyu Xiao,
Xiaoming Jiang,
Xinkai Du,
Elvin Yao,
William S. Ryan,
John Paul Wilson,
Wilson Cyrus-Lai,
William Jimenez-Leal,
Wilbert Law,
Wenceslao Unanue,
W. Matthew Collins,
Karley L. Richard,
Marek Vranka,
Vladislav Ankushev,
Vidar Schei,
Chloe DePaola,
Veronika Lerche,
Vanja Kovic,
Valerija Križanić,
Veselina Hristova Kadreva,
Vera Cubela Adoric,
Ulrich S. Tran,
Siu Kit Yeung,
Widad Hassan,
Ralph Houston,
Michael A. Machin,
Tiago J. S. Lima,
Thomas Ostermann,
Thomas Frizzo,
Therese E. Sverdrup,
Thea House,
Tripat Gill,
Maksim Fedotov,
Tamar Paltrow,
Teodor Jernsäther,
Tasnim Rahman,
Tanya Machin,
Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm,
Thomas J. Hostler,
Tatsunori Ishii,
Barnabas Szaszi,
Sylwia Adamus,
Lilian Suter,
Suparpit M. von Bormann,
Sumaiya Habib,
Anna Studzinska,
Dragana Stojanovska,
Steve M. J. Janssen,
Stefan Stieger,
Stefan E. Schulenberg,
Srinivasan Tatachari,
Soufian Azouaghe,
Piotr Sorokowski,
Agnieszka Sorokowska,
Xin Song,
Sofie Morbée,
Savannah Lewis,
Sladjana Sinkolova,
Dmitry Grigoryev,
Shira Meir Drexler,
Shimrit Daches,
Shelby L. Levine,
Shawn N. Geniole,
Shahunur Akter,
Selena Vračar,
Sébastien Massoni,
Sebastiano Costa,
Saša Zorjan,
Eylul Sarioguz,
Sara Morales Izquierdo,
Sarah Suzette Tshonda,
Sara G. Alves,
Sara Pöntinen,
Sara Álvarez Solas,
Santiago Ordoñez-Riaño,
Sanja Batić Očovaj,
Sandersan Onie,
Samuel Lins,
Theresa Biberauer,
Sami Çoksan,
Sakda Khumkom,
Asli Sacakli,
Susana Ruiz-Fernández,
Sandra J. Geiger,
Saeideh FatahModares,
Radoslaw B. Walczak,
Ruben Betlehem,
Roosevelt Vilar,
Rodrigo A. Cárcamo,
Robert M. Ross,
Randy McCarthy,
Tonia Ballantyne,
Erin C. Westgate,
Richard M. Ryan,
Rafael Gargurevich,
Reza Afhami,
Dongning Ren,
Renan P. Monteiro,
Ulf-Dietrich Reips,
Niv Reggev,
Robert J. Calin-Jageman,
Razieh Pourafshari,
Raquel Oliveira,
Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova,
Rima-Maria Rahal,
Rafael R. Ribeiro,
Theda Radtke,
Rachel Searston,
Rachadaporn Jai-ai,
Redeate Habte,
Przemysław Zdybek,
Sau-Chin Chen,
Piyaorn Wajanatinapart,
Princess Lovella G. Maturan,
Jennifer T. Perillo,
Peder Mortvedt Isager,
Pavol Kačmár,
Paulo Manuel Macapagal,
Michael R. Maniaci,
Paulina Szwed,
Paul H. P. Hanel,
Paul A. G. Forbes,
Patricia Arriaga,
Bastien Paris,
Neha Parashar,
Konstantinos Papachristopoulos,
Pablo Sebastián Correa,
Ondřej Kácha,
Márcia Bernardo,
Olatz Campos,
Olalla Niño Bravo,
Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero,
Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya,
Olga Bialobrzeska,
Natalia Kiselnikova,
Nicolle Simonovic,
Noga Cohen,
Nora L. Nock,
Alejandrina Hernandez,
Cecilie Thogersen-Ntoumani,
Nikos Ntoumanis,
Niklas Johannes,
Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir,
Nicolas Say,
Andreas B. Neubauer,
Neil I. Martin,
Neil Levy,
Nathan Torunsky,
Natasha van Antwerpen,
Natalia Van Doren,
Naoyuki Sunami,
Nikolay R. Rachev,
Nadyanna M. Majeed,
Nadya-Daniela Schmidt,
Khaoula Nadif,
Nadia S. Corral-Frías,
Nihal Ouherrou,
Nida Abbas,
Myrto Pantazi,
Marc Y. Lucas,
Martin R. Vasilev,
María Victoria Ortiz,
Muhammad Mussaffa Butt,
Murathan Kurfalı,
Muhib Kabir,
Rafał Muda,
María del Carmen MC Tejada Rivera,
Miroslav Sirota,
Martin Seehuus,
Michal Parzuchowski,
Mónica Toro,
Monika Hricova,
Mónica Alarcón Maldonado,
Panagiotis Rentzelas,
Maarten Vansteenkiste,
Molly A. Metz,
Magdalena Marszalek,
Maria Karekla,
Giovanna Mioni,
Minke Jasmijn Bosma,
Minja Westerlund,
Milica Vdovic,
Michal Bialek,
Miguel A. Silan,
Michele Anne,
Michal Misiak,
Maria C. Gugliandolo,
Maurice Grinberg,
Mariagrazia Capizzi,
Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría,
Merve A. Kurfali,
Michael C. Mensink,
Mikayel Harutyunyan,
Meetu Khosla,
Megan R. Dunn,
Max Korbmacher,
Matúš Adamkovič,
Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro,
Maria Terskova,
Matej Hruška,
Marcel Martončik,
Martine Jansen,
Martin Voracek,
Martin Čadek,
Martha Frias-Armenta,
Marta Kowal,
Marta Topor,
Marta Roczniewska,
Marlies Oosterlinck,
Markéta Braun Kohlová,
Mariola Paruzel-Czachura,
Marina Sabristov,
Marina Romanova,
Marietta Papadatou-Pastou,
Maria Louise Lund,
Maria Antoniadi,
Maria Elena Magrin,
Marc V. Jones,
Manyu Li,
Manuel S. Ortiz,
Mathi Manavalan,
Abdumalik Muminov,
Małgorzata Kossowska,
Maja Friedemann,
Magdalena Wielgus,
Madelon L.M. van Hooff,
Marco A. C. Varella,
Martyn Standage,
Matilde Nicolotti,
Melissa F. Colloff,
Maria Bradford,
Leigh Ann Vaughn,
Luis Eudave,
Luc Vieira,
Jackson G. Lu,
Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda,
Lennia Matos,
Laura Calderón Pérez,
Ljiljana B. Lazarevic,
Lisa M. Jaremka,
Eline Suzanne Smit,
Elizaveta Kushnir,
Lisa J. Ferguson,
Lisa Anton-Boicuk,
Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho,
Lina Ahlgren,
Francesca Liga,
Carmel A. Levitan,
Leticia Micheli,
Lesley-Ann Gunton,
Leonhard Volz,
Marija Stojanovska,
Leanne Boucher,
Lara Samojlenko,
Lady Grey Javela Delgado,
Lada Kaliska,
Labadi Beatrix,
Lara Warmelink,
Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia,
Karen Yu,
Keith Wylie,
Jakub Wachowicz,
Kermeka Desai,
Krystian Barzykowski,
Luca Kozma,
Kortnee Evans,
Komila Kirgizova,
Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin,
Monica A. Koehn,
Kelly Wolfe,
Tatiana Korobova,
Katherine Morris,
Kristoffer Klevjer,
Kevin van Schie,
Kevin Vezirian,
Kaja Damnjanović,
Katrine Krabbe Thommesen,
Kathleen Schmidt,
Katarzyna Filip,
Karolina Staniaszek,
Karolina Grzech,
Karlijn Hoyer,
Karis Moon,
Sirikon Khaobunmasiri,
Kafeel Rana,
Kristina Janjić,
Jordan W. Suchow,
Julita Kielińska,
Julio E. Cruz Vásquez,
Julien Chanal,
Julia Beitner,
Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto,
Jose Carlos T. Roxas,
Jennifer Taber,
Joan Urriago-Rayo,
Jeffrey M. Pavlacic,
Jozef Benka,
Jozef Bavolar,
José A. Soto,
Jonas K. Olofsson,
Johannes K. Vilsmeier,
Johanna Messerschmidt,
Johanna Czamanski-Cohen,
Joachim Waterschoot,
Jennifer D. Moss,
Jordane Boudesseul,
Jeong Min Lee,
Julia Kamburidis,
Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba,
Janis Zickfeld,
Jacob F. Miranda,
Jeroen P. H. Verharen,
Evgeniya Hristova,
Julie E. Beshears,
Jasna Milosevic Djordjevic,
Jasmijn Bosch,
Jaroslava Varella Valentova,
Jan Antfolk,
Jana B. Berkessel,
Jana Schrötter,
Jan Urban,
Jan Philipp Röer,
James O. Norton,
Jaime R. Silva,
Jade S. Pickering,
Jáchym Vintr,
Jim Uttley,
Jonas R. Kunst,
Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe,
Aishwarya Iyer,
Iris Vilares,
Aleksandr Ivanov,
Ivan Ropovik,
Isabela Sula,
Irena Sarieva,
Irem Metin-Orta,
Irina Prusova,
Isabel Pinto,
Andreea Ioana Bozdoc,
Inês A. T. Almeida,
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Andrew G. Thomas
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume: 119, Issue: 22
Swansea University Authors:
Andrew Thomas , Andrew G. Thomas
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DOI (Published version): 10.1073/pnas.2111091119
Abstract
Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outc...
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<?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2023-01-13T19:18:54.6828976</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>60250</id><entry>2022-06-15</entry><title>A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96</sid><ORCID>0000-0001-5251-7923</ORCID><firstname>Andrew</firstname><surname>Thomas</surname><name>Andrew Thomas</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>eeb1d105d3d196c7106cb384302af781</sid><ORCID>0000-0001-5251-7923</ORCID><firstname>Andrew G.</firstname><surname>Thomas</surname><name>Andrew G. Thomas</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>true</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2022-06-15</date><deptcode>HPS</deptcode><abstract>Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</journal><volume>119</volume><journalNumber>22</journalNumber><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0027-8424</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1091-6490</issnElectronic><keywords>behavior change; motivation; health communication; COVID-19; self-determination theory</keywords><publishedDay>27</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2022</publishedYear><publishedDate>2022-05-27</publishedDate><doi>10.1073/pnas.2111091119</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Psychology</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>HPS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement No 769595 (F. Verbruggen); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Researchfrom the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP16H03079,JP17H00875, JP18K12015, and JP20H04581 (Y. Yamada); Research Grant Edu-cation University of Hong Kong 28611118 from the Research Grant Council,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (W. Law); the Japanese Psycho-logical Association, Grant for research and practical activities related to the spreadof the novel coronavirus to (T. Ishii; A. Kunisato; N. Sunami; K. Ihaya); Social Sci-ences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (# 950-224884; T. Gill); Pro-gram FUTURE LEADER of Lorraine Universited’Excellence within the programInvestissements Avenir (ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE) operated by the French NationalResearch Agency (S. Massoni); the Portuguese National Foundation for Scienceand Technology (UID/PSI/03125/2020; R.R. Ribeiro); the Australian ResearchCouncil (DP180102384; R.M. Ross); a PhD grant from Fundac ̧~aoparaaCi^enciae Tecnologia (PD/BD/150570/2020; R. Oliveira); a French National ResearchAgency“Investissements d’avenir”program grant (ANR-15-IDEX-02) awarded toH. IJzerman (supporting P.S. Forscher); Vidi Grant 452-17-013 from the Nether-lands Organisation for Scientific Research (P.M. Isager); the Slovak Research andDevelopment Agency APVV-19-0284 (P. Kacmar, M. Hricova); the SlovakResearch and Development (project number APVV-17-0418; P. Babincak); thePortuguese National Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/PSI/03125/2020; P. Arriaga); the Huo Family Foundation (N. Johannes); the research grantprogram“Dipartimenti di Eccellenza”from the Italian Ministry of Education, Uni-versity and Research (MIUR) to the Department of General Psychology of the Uni-versity of Padua (N. Cellini; G. Mioni); CAPES (Coordenac ̧~ao de Aperfeic ̧oamentode Pessoal de Nıvel Superior), number PNPD 3002010037P0–MEC/CAPES(M.A. Varella); Charles University Research Programme &quot;Progres&quot; Q18(M. Vranka); Polish National Science Center &amp; Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftBeethoven grant (2016/23/G/HS6/01775; M. Parzuchowski); the Foundation forPolish Science (A. Groyecka-Bernard; M. Misiak); Polish National Science Centre(2020/36/T/HS6/00256; M. Misiak; 2020/36/T/HS6/00254; A. Groyecka-Ber-nard); Research Grant from Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University(M. Kossowska, G. Czarnek, P. Szwed), Slovak Research and Development AgencyAPVV-18-0140 (M. Martoncik); the Slovak Research and Development Agencyunder grant contract no. APVV-17-0596 (M. Hruska); Slovak Research and Devel-opment Agency APVV-20-0319 (M. Adamkovic); NSF #1734815 - NRT-UtB:&quot;Graduate Training Program in Sensory Science: Optimizing the InformationAvailable for Mind and Brain&quot;, grant from NSF to University of Minnesota(M. Manavalan); Rubicon Grant (019.183SG.007) from the Netherlands Organi-sation for Scientific Research (K. van Schie); the National Science Centre, Poland(grant no: UMO-2019/35/B/HS6/00528; K. Barzykowski); National Agency ofResearch and Development Millennium Science Initiative /Millennium Institutefor Research on Depression and Personality-MIDAP ICS13_005 FONDECYT1191708 (J.R. Silva); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2016:0229; J.K.Olofsson); the Slovak Research and Development Agency APVV-15-0662(J.Benka); the Sherwin Early Career Professor in the Rock Ethics Institute(J.A. Soto); Penn State&apos;s Office of the Senior Faculty Mentor (J.A. Soto); GermanNational Academic Foundation (J. Berkessel); the ScientificGrantAgencyoftheSlovak Republic under the grant No. VEGA 1/0748/19 (J. Bavolar); Chair for Pub-lic Trust in Health, Grenoble Ecole de Management (I. Ziano); PRIMUS/20/HUM/009 (I. Ropovik); Tufts University (H. Urry); the National Institute of MentalHealth T32MN018931 (H. Moshontz); APVV-17-0418 (G. Banik); J. William Ful-bright Program (F. Azevedo); the Innovational Research Incentives Scheme Venifrom the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research—Division for the SocialSciences 451-15-028 (E.S. Smit); Amazon Web Services Imagine Grant(E.M. Buchanan); the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF (D. Grigor-yev); the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF (D. Dubrov), the BasicResearch Program at HSE University, RF (E. Agadullina). Contract no. APVV-18-0140 ; the Research Council of Norway 288083, 223273 (C.K. Tamnes); theSouth-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority 2019069, 2021070, 500189(C.K. Tamnes); the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority grant no.2020023 (A. Askelund); EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004,UNKP-21-4 and NKFIH“OTKA”PD-137588 by the National Research, Development and InnovationFund (A.N. Zsido); Faculty Development Grant from Dominican University(A. Krafnick &amp; R. Calin-Jageman); Portuguese National Foundation for Scienceand Technology SFRH/BD/126304/2016 (A.C. Santos); the statutory funds of theUniversity of Wroclaw (A. Sorokowska); CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for BiomedicalImaging and Translational Research funding by the Portuguese National Foundation for Science and Technology (grant agreement ref. UIDP/4950/2020;I. Almeida, A. Ferreira, D. Sousa); PhD grant co-funded by the PortugueseNational Foundation for Science and Technology and the European Social Fund(Ref. 2020.08597.BD; A. Ferreira); Horizon 2020 Research Project (Europeangrant agreement ID: 731827, STIPED - Stimulation in Pediatrics - Transcranialbrain stimulation as innovative therapy for chronic pediatric neuropsychiatric dis-orders; D. Sousa); Internal funding from Kingston University (A. Gourdon-Kanhu-kamwe); the Slovak Research and Development Agency under grant contract no.APVV-17-0596 (A. Findor); Pacifica and the Association Nationale RechercheTechnologie through CIFRE (Conventions Industrielles de Formation par laRecherche) grant 2017/0245 (A. Bran); Scholarships of the President of Wrocław Wincenty Stys scholarship in thefield of humanities and social sciences, 2021/2022; Marta Kowal); Special Research Fund of Ghent University grant (COV035-20 BOF; B. Soenens and M. Vansteenkiste); a special grant from the Associationfor Psychological Science (to the Psychological Science Accelerator).</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2023-01-13T19:18:54.6828976</lastEdited><Created>2022-06-15T12:23:01.7572035</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">School of Psychology</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Andrew</firstname><surname>Thomas</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5251-7923</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Nicole</firstname><surname>Legate</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Thuy-vy</firstname><surname>Ngyuen</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Netta</firstname><surname>Weinstein</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Arlen</firstname><surname>Moller</surname><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Lisa</firstname><surname>Legault</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Zahir</firstname><surname>Vally</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Zuzanna</firstname><surname>Tajchman</surname><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Andras N.</firstname><surname>Zsido</surname><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Miha</firstname><surname>Zrimsek</surname><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Zhang</firstname><surname>Chen</surname><order>11</order></author><author><firstname>Ignazio</firstname><surname>Ziano</surname><order>12</order></author><author><firstname>Zoi</firstname><surname>Gialitaki</surname><order>13</order></author><author><firstname>Chris D.</firstname><surname>Ceary</surname><order>14</order></author><author><firstname>Yuna</firstname><surname>Jang</surname><order>15</order></author><author><firstname>Yijun</firstname><surname>Lin</surname><order>16</order></author><author><firstname>Yoshihiko</firstname><surname>Kunisato</surname><order>17</order></author><author><firstname>Yuki</firstname><surname>Yamada</surname><order>18</order></author><author><firstname>Qinyu</firstname><surname>Xiao</surname><order>19</order></author><author><firstname>Xiaoming</firstname><surname>Jiang</surname><order>20</order></author><author><firstname>Xinkai</firstname><surname>Du</surname><order>21</order></author><author><firstname>Elvin</firstname><surname>Yao</surname><order>22</order></author><author><firstname>William S.</firstname><surname>Ryan</surname><order>23</order></author><author><firstname>John Paul</firstname><surname>Wilson</surname><order>24</order></author><author><firstname>Wilson</firstname><surname>Cyrus-Lai</surname><order>25</order></author><author><firstname>William</firstname><surname>Jimenez-Leal</surname><order>26</order></author><author><firstname>Wilbert</firstname><surname>Law</surname><order>27</order></author><author><firstname>Wenceslao</firstname><surname>Unanue</surname><order>28</order></author><author><firstname>W. Matthew</firstname><surname>Collins</surname><order>29</order></author><author><firstname>Karley L.</firstname><surname>Richard</surname><order>30</order></author><author><firstname>Marek</firstname><surname>Vranka</surname><order>31</order></author><author><firstname>Vladislav</firstname><surname>Ankushev</surname><order>32</order></author><author><firstname>Vidar</firstname><surname>Schei</surname><order>33</order></author><author><firstname>Chloe</firstname><surname>DePaola</surname><order>34</order></author><author><firstname>Veronika</firstname><surname>Lerche</surname><order>35</order></author><author><firstname>Vanja</firstname><surname>Kovic</surname><order>36</order></author><author><firstname>Valerija</firstname><surname>Križanić</surname><order>37</order></author><author><firstname>Veselina Hristova</firstname><surname>Kadreva</surname><order>38</order></author><author><firstname>Vera Cubela</firstname><surname>Adoric</surname><order>39</order></author><author><firstname>Ulrich S.</firstname><surname>Tran</surname><order>40</order></author><author><firstname>Siu Kit</firstname><surname>Yeung</surname><order>41</order></author><author><firstname>Widad</firstname><surname>Hassan</surname><order>42</order></author><author><firstname>Ralph</firstname><surname>Houston</surname><order>43</order></author><author><firstname>Michael A.</firstname><surname>Machin</surname><order>44</order></author><author><firstname>Tiago J. 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J.</firstname><surname>Janssen</surname><order>66</order></author><author><firstname>Stefan</firstname><surname>Stieger</surname><order>67</order></author><author><firstname>Stefan E.</firstname><surname>Schulenberg</surname><order>68</order></author><author><firstname>Srinivasan</firstname><surname>Tatachari</surname><order>69</order></author><author><firstname>Soufian</firstname><surname>Azouaghe</surname><order>70</order></author><author><firstname>Piotr</firstname><surname>Sorokowski</surname><order>71</order></author><author><firstname>Agnieszka</firstname><surname>Sorokowska</surname><order>72</order></author><author><firstname>Xin</firstname><surname>Song</surname><order>73</order></author><author><firstname>Sofie</firstname><surname>Morbée</surname><order>74</order></author><author><firstname>Savannah</firstname><surname>Lewis</surname><order>75</order></author><author><firstname>Sladjana</firstname><surname>Sinkolova</surname><order>76</order></author><author><firstname>Dmitry</firstname><surname>Grigoryev</surname><order>77</order></author><author><firstname>Shira 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Batić</firstname><surname>Očovaj</surname><order>94</order></author><author><firstname>Sandersan</firstname><surname>Onie</surname><order>95</order></author><author><firstname>Samuel</firstname><surname>Lins</surname><order>96</order></author><author><firstname>Theresa</firstname><surname>Biberauer</surname><order>97</order></author><author><firstname>Sami</firstname><surname>Çoksan</surname><order>98</order></author><author><firstname>Sakda</firstname><surname>Khumkom</surname><order>99</order></author><author><firstname>Asli</firstname><surname>Sacakli</surname><order>100</order></author><author><firstname>Susana</firstname><surname>Ruiz-Fernández</surname><order>101</order></author><author><firstname>Sandra J.</firstname><surname>Geiger</surname><order>102</order></author><author><firstname>Saeideh</firstname><surname>FatahModares</surname><order>103</order></author><author><firstname>Radoslaw B.</firstname><surname>Walczak</surname><order>104</order></author><author><firstname>Ruben</firstname><surname>Betlehem</surname><order>105</order></author><author><firstname>Roosevelt</firstname><surname>Vilar</surname><order>106</order></author><author><firstname>Rodrigo A.</firstname><surname>Cárcamo</surname><order>107</order></author><author><firstname>Robert M.</firstname><surname>Ross</surname><order>108</order></author><author><firstname>Randy</firstname><surname>McCarthy</surname><order>109</order></author><author><firstname>Tonia</firstname><surname>Ballantyne</surname><order>110</order></author><author><firstname>Erin C.</firstname><surname>Westgate</surname><order>111</order></author><author><firstname>Richard M.</firstname><surname>Ryan</surname><order>112</order></author><author><firstname>Rafael</firstname><surname>Gargurevich</surname><order>113</order></author><author><firstname>Reza</firstname><surname>Afhami</surname><order>114</order></author><author><firstname>Dongning</firstname><surname>Ren</surname><order>115</order></author><author><firstname>Renan P.</firstname><surname>Monteiro</surname><order>116</order></author><author><firstname>Ulf-Dietrich</firstname><surname>Reips</surname><order>117</order></author><author><firstname>Niv</firstname><surname>Reggev</surname><order>118</order></author><author><firstname>Robert J.</firstname><surname>Calin-Jageman</surname><order>119</order></author><author><firstname>Razieh</firstname><surname>Pourafshari</surname><order>120</order></author><author><firstname>Raquel</firstname><surname>Oliveira</surname><order>121</order></author><author><firstname>Mina</firstname><surname>Nedelcheva-Datsova</surname><order>122</order></author><author><firstname>Rima-Maria</firstname><surname>Rahal</surname><order>123</order></author><author><firstname>Rafael R.</firstname><surname>Ribeiro</surname><order>124</order></author><author><firstname>Theda</firstname><surname>Radtke</surname><order>125</order></author><author><firstname>Rachel</firstname><surname>Searston</surname><order>126</order></author><author><firstname>Rachadaporn</firstname><surname>Jai-ai</surname><order>127</order></author><author><firstname>Redeate</firstname><surname>Habte</surname><order>128</order></author><author><firstname>Przemysław</firstname><surname>Zdybek</surname><order>129</order></author><author><firstname>Sau-Chin</firstname><surname>Chen</surname><order>130</order></author><author><firstname>Piyaorn</firstname><surname>Wajanatinapart</surname><order>131</order></author><author><firstname>Princess Lovella G.</firstname><surname>Maturan</surname><order>132</order></author><author><firstname>Jennifer T.</firstname><surname>Perillo</surname><order>133</order></author><author><firstname>Peder Mortvedt</firstname><surname>Isager</surname><order>134</order></author><author><firstname>Pavol</firstname><surname>Kačmár</surname><order>135</order></author><author><firstname>Paulo Manuel</firstname><surname>Macapagal</surname><order>136</order></author><author><firstname>Michael R.</firstname><surname>Maniaci</surname><order>137</order></author><author><firstname>Paulina</firstname><surname>Szwed</surname><order>138</order></author><author><firstname>Paul H. P.</firstname><surname>Hanel</surname><order>139</order></author><author><firstname>Paul A. G.</firstname><surname>Forbes</surname><order>140</order></author><author><firstname>Patricia</firstname><surname>Arriaga</surname><order>141</order></author><author><firstname>Bastien</firstname><surname>Paris</surname><order>142</order></author><author><firstname>Neha</firstname><surname>Parashar</surname><order>143</order></author><author><firstname>Konstantinos</firstname><surname>Papachristopoulos</surname><order>144</order></author><author><firstname>Pablo Sebastián</firstname><surname>Correa</surname><order>145</order></author><author><firstname>Ondřej</firstname><surname>Kácha</surname><order>146</order></author><author><firstname>Márcia</firstname><surname>Bernardo</surname><order>147</order></author><author><firstname>Olatz</firstname><surname>Campos</surname><order>148</order></author><author><firstname>Olalla Niño</firstname><surname>Bravo</surname><order>149</order></author><author><firstname>Oscar J.</firstname><surname>Galindo-Caballero</surname><order>150</order></author><author><firstname>Chisom Esther</firstname><surname>Ogbonnaya</surname><order>151</order></author><author><firstname>Olga</firstname><surname>Bialobrzeska</surname><order>152</order></author><author><firstname>Natalia</firstname><surname>Kiselnikova</surname><order>153</order></author><author><firstname>Nicolle</firstname><surname>Simonovic</surname><order>154</order></author><author><firstname>Noga</firstname><surname>Cohen</surname><order>155</order></author><author><firstname>Nora 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I.</firstname><surname>Martin</surname><order>164</order></author><author><firstname>Neil</firstname><surname>Levy</surname><order>165</order></author><author><firstname>Nathan</firstname><surname>Torunsky</surname><order>166</order></author><author><firstname>Natasha van</firstname><surname>Antwerpen</surname><order>167</order></author><author><firstname>Natalia Van</firstname><surname>Doren</surname><order>168</order></author><author><firstname>Naoyuki</firstname><surname>Sunami</surname><order>169</order></author><author><firstname>Nikolay R.</firstname><surname>Rachev</surname><order>170</order></author><author><firstname>Nadyanna M.</firstname><surname>Majeed</surname><order>171</order></author><author><firstname>Nadya-Daniela</firstname><surname>Schmidt</surname><order>172</order></author><author><firstname>Khaoula</firstname><surname>Nadif</surname><order>173</order></author><author><firstname>Nadia S.</firstname><surname>Corral-Frías</surname><order>174</order></author><author><firstname>Nihal</firstname><surname>Ouherrou</surname><order>175</order></author><author><firstname>Nida</firstname><surname>Abbas</surname><order>176</order></author><author><firstname>Myrto</firstname><surname>Pantazi</surname><order>177</order></author><author><firstname>Marc Y.</firstname><surname>Lucas</surname><order>178</order></author><author><firstname>Martin R.</firstname><surname>Vasilev</surname><order>179</order></author><author><firstname>María Victoria</firstname><surname>Ortiz</surname><order>180</order></author><author><firstname>Muhammad Mussaffa</firstname><surname>Butt</surname><order>181</order></author><author><firstname>Murathan</firstname><surname>Kurfalı</surname><order>182</order></author><author><firstname>Muhib</firstname><surname>Kabir</surname><order>183</order></author><author><firstname>Rafał</firstname><surname>Muda</surname><order>184</order></author><author><firstname>María del Carmen MC Tejada</firstname><surname>Rivera</surname><order>185</order></author><author><firstname>Miroslav</firstname><surname>Sirota</surname><order>186</order></author><author><firstname>Martin</firstname><surname>Seehuus</surname><order>187</order></author><author><firstname>Michal</firstname><surname>Parzuchowski</surname><order>188</order></author><author><firstname>Mónica</firstname><surname>Toro</surname><order>189</order></author><author><firstname>Monika</firstname><surname>Hricova</surname><order>190</order></author><author><firstname>Mónica Alarcón</firstname><surname>Maldonado</surname><order>191</order></author><author><firstname>Panagiotis</firstname><surname>Rentzelas</surname><order>192</order></author><author><firstname>Maarten</firstname><surname>Vansteenkiste</surname><order>193</order></author><author><firstname>Molly A.</firstname><surname>Metz</surname><order>194</order></author><author><firstname>Magdalena</firstname><surname>Marszalek</surname><order>195</order></author><author><firstname>Maria</firstname><surname>Karekla</surname><order>196</order></author><author><firstname>Giovanna</firstname><surname>Mioni</surname><order>197</order></author><author><firstname>Minke Jasmijn</firstname><surname>Bosma</surname><order>198</order></author><author><firstname>Minja</firstname><surname>Westerlund</surname><order>199</order></author><author><firstname>Milica</firstname><surname>Vdovic</surname><order>200</order></author><author><firstname>Michal</firstname><surname>Bialek</surname><order>201</order></author><author><firstname>Miguel A.</firstname><surname>Silan</surname><order>202</order></author><author><firstname>Michele</firstname><surname>Anne</surname><order>203</order></author><author><firstname>Michal</firstname><surname>Misiak</surname><order>204</order></author><author><firstname>Maria C.</firstname><surname>Gugliandolo</surname><order>205</order></author><author><firstname>Maurice</firstname><surname>Grinberg</surname><order>206</order></author><author><firstname>Mariagrazia</firstname><surname>Capizzi</surname><order>207</order></author><author><firstname>Mauricio F. Espinoza</firstname><surname>Barría</surname><order>208</order></author><author><firstname>Merve A.</firstname><surname>Kurfali</surname><order>209</order></author><author><firstname>Michael C.</firstname><surname>Mensink</surname><order>210</order></author><author><firstname>Mikayel</firstname><surname>Harutyunyan</surname><order>211</order></author><author><firstname>Meetu</firstname><surname>Khosla</surname><order>212</order></author><author><firstname>Megan R.</firstname><surname>Dunn</surname><order>213</order></author><author><firstname>Max</firstname><surname>Korbmacher</surname><order>214</order></author><author><firstname>Matúš</firstname><surname>Adamkovič</surname><order>215</order></author><author><firstname>Matheus Fernando Felix</firstname><surname>Ribeiro</surname><order>216</order></author><author><firstname>Maria</firstname><surname>Terskova</surname><order>217</order></author><author><firstname>Matej</firstname><surname>Hruška</surname><order>218</order></author><author><firstname>Marcel</firstname><surname>Martončik</surname><order>219</order></author><author><firstname>Martine</firstname><surname>Jansen</surname><order>220</order></author><author><firstname>Martin</firstname><surname>Voracek</surname><order>221</order></author><author><firstname>Martin</firstname><surname>Čadek</surname><order>222</order></author><author><firstname>Martha</firstname><surname>Frias-Armenta</surname><order>223</order></author><author><firstname>Marta</firstname><surname>Kowal</surname><order>224</order></author><author><firstname>Marta</firstname><surname>Topor</surname><order>225</order></author><author><firstname>Marta</firstname><surname>Roczniewska</surname><order>226</order></author><author><firstname>Marlies</firstname><surname>Oosterlinck</surname><order>227</order></author><author><firstname>Markéta Braun</firstname><surname>Kohlová</surname><order>228</order></author><author><firstname>Mariola</firstname><surname>Paruzel-Czachura</surname><order>229</order></author><author><firstname>Marina</firstname><surname>Sabristov</surname><order>230</order></author><author><firstname>Marina</firstname><surname>Romanova</surname><order>231</order></author><author><firstname>Marietta</firstname><surname>Papadatou-Pastou</surname><order>232</order></author><author><firstname>Maria Louise</firstname><surname>Lund</surname><order>233</order></author><author><firstname>Maria</firstname><surname>Antoniadi</surname><order>234</order></author><author><firstname>Maria Elena</firstname><surname>Magrin</surname><order>235</order></author><author><firstname>Marc V.</firstname><surname>Jones</surname><order>236</order></author><author><firstname>Manyu</firstname><surname>Li</surname><order>237</order></author><author><firstname>Manuel S.</firstname><surname>Ortiz</surname><order>238</order></author><author><firstname>Mathi</firstname><surname>Manavalan</surname><order>239</order></author><author><firstname>Abdumalik</firstname><surname>Muminov</surname><order>240</order></author><author><firstname>Małgorzata</firstname><surname>Kossowska</surname><order>241</order></author><author><firstname>Maja</firstname><surname>Friedemann</surname><order>242</order></author><author><firstname>Magdalena</firstname><surname>Wielgus</surname><order>243</order></author><author><firstname>Madelon L.M. van</firstname><surname>Hooff</surname><order>244</order></author><author><firstname>Marco A. 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Emmanuel</firstname><surname>Agesin</surname><order>286</order></author><author><firstname>Monica A.</firstname><surname>Koehn</surname><order>287</order></author><author><firstname>Kelly</firstname><surname>Wolfe</surname><order>288</order></author><author><firstname>Tatiana</firstname><surname>Korobova</surname><order>289</order></author><author><firstname>Katherine</firstname><surname>Morris</surname><order>290</order></author><author><firstname>Kristoffer</firstname><surname>Klevjer</surname><order>291</order></author><author><firstname>Kevin van</firstname><surname>Schie</surname><order>292</order></author><author><firstname>Kevin</firstname><surname>Vezirian</surname><order>293</order></author><author><firstname>Kaja</firstname><surname>Damnjanović</surname><order>294</order></author><author><firstname>Katrine Krabbe</firstname><surname>Thommesen</surname><order>295</order></author><author><firstname>Kathleen</firstname><surname>Schmidt</surname><order>296</order></author><author><firstname>Katarzyna</firstname><surname>Filip</surname><order>297</order></author><author><firstname>Karolina</firstname><surname>Staniaszek</surname><order>298</order></author><author><firstname>Karolina</firstname><surname>Grzech</surname><order>299</order></author><author><firstname>Karlijn</firstname><surname>Hoyer</surname><order>300</order></author><author><firstname>Karis</firstname><surname>Moon</surname><order>301</order></author><author><firstname>Sirikon</firstname><surname>Khaobunmasiri</surname><order>302</order></author><author><firstname>Kafeel</firstname><surname>Rana</surname><order>303</order></author><author><firstname>Kristina</firstname><surname>Janjić</surname><order>304</order></author><author><firstname>Jordan W.</firstname><surname>Suchow</surname><order>305</order></author><author><firstname>Julita</firstname><surname>Kielińska</surname><order>306</order></author><author><firstname>Julio E. Cruz</firstname><surname>Vásquez</surname><order>307</order></author><author><firstname>Julien</firstname><surname>Chanal</surname><order>308</order></author><author><firstname>Julia</firstname><surname>Beitner</surname><order>309</order></author><author><firstname>Juan Camilo</firstname><surname>Vargas-Nieto</surname><order>310</order></author><author><firstname>Jose Carlos T.</firstname><surname>Roxas</surname><order>311</order></author><author><firstname>Jennifer</firstname><surname>Taber</surname><order>312</order></author><author><firstname>Joan</firstname><surname>Urriago-Rayo</surname><order>313</order></author><author><firstname>Jeffrey M.</firstname><surname>Pavlacic</surname><order>314</order></author><author><firstname>Jozef</firstname><surname>Benka</surname><order>315</order></author><author><firstname>Jozef</firstname><surname>Bavolar</surname><order>316</order></author><author><firstname>José A.</firstname><surname>Soto</surname><order>317</order></author><author><firstname>Jonas K.</firstname><surname>Olofsson</surname><order>318</order></author><author><firstname>Johannes K.</firstname><surname>Vilsmeier</surname><order>319</order></author><author><firstname>Johanna</firstname><surname>Messerschmidt</surname><order>320</order></author><author><firstname>Johanna</firstname><surname>Czamanski-Cohen</surname><order>321</order></author><author><firstname>Joachim</firstname><surname>Waterschoot</surname><order>322</order></author><author><firstname>Jennifer D.</firstname><surname>Moss</surname><order>323</order></author><author><firstname>Jordane</firstname><surname>Boudesseul</surname><order>324</order></author><author><firstname>Jeong Min</firstname><surname>Lee</surname><order>325</order></author><author><firstname>Julia</firstname><surname>Kamburidis</surname><order>326</order></author><author><firstname>Jennifer A.</firstname><surname>Joy-Gaba</surname><order>327</order></author><author><firstname>Janis</firstname><surname>Zickfeld</surname><order>328</order></author><author><firstname>Jacob F.</firstname><surname>Miranda</surname><order>329</order></author><author><firstname>Jeroen P. 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Published by PNAS.This open access article is distributed underCreativeCommons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY)</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807> |
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2023-01-13T19:18:54.6828976 v2 60250 2022-06-15 A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96 0000-0001-5251-7923 Andrew Thomas Andrew Thomas true false eeb1d105d3d196c7106cb384302af781 0000-0001-5251-7923 Andrew G. Thomas Andrew G. Thomas true true 2022-06-15 HPS Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges. Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 22 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 0027-8424 1091-6490 behavior change; motivation; health communication; COVID-19; self-determination theory 27 5 2022 2022-05-27 10.1073/pnas.2111091119 COLLEGE NANME Psychology COLLEGE CODE HPS Swansea University European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement No 769595 (F. Verbruggen); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Researchfrom the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP16H03079,JP17H00875, JP18K12015, and JP20H04581 (Y. Yamada); Research Grant Edu-cation University of Hong Kong 28611118 from the Research Grant Council,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (W. Law); the Japanese Psycho-logical Association, Grant for research and practical activities related to the spreadof the novel coronavirus to (T. Ishii; A. Kunisato; N. Sunami; K. Ihaya); Social Sci-ences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (# 950-224884; T. Gill); Pro-gram FUTURE LEADER of Lorraine Universited’Excellence within the programInvestissements Avenir (ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE) operated by the French NationalResearch Agency (S. Massoni); the Portuguese National Foundation for Scienceand Technology (UID/PSI/03125/2020; R.R. Ribeiro); the Australian ResearchCouncil (DP180102384; R.M. Ross); a PhD grant from Fundac ̧~aoparaaCi^enciae Tecnologia (PD/BD/150570/2020; R. Oliveira); a French National ResearchAgency“Investissements d’avenir”program grant (ANR-15-IDEX-02) awarded toH. IJzerman (supporting P.S. Forscher); Vidi Grant 452-17-013 from the Nether-lands Organisation for Scientific Research (P.M. Isager); the Slovak Research andDevelopment Agency APVV-19-0284 (P. Kacmar, M. Hricova); the SlovakResearch and Development (project number APVV-17-0418; P. Babincak); thePortuguese National Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/PSI/03125/2020; P. Arriaga); the Huo Family Foundation (N. Johannes); the research grantprogram“Dipartimenti di Eccellenza”from the Italian Ministry of Education, Uni-versity and Research (MIUR) to the Department of General Psychology of the Uni-versity of Padua (N. Cellini; G. Mioni); CAPES (Coordenac ̧~ao de Aperfeic ̧oamentode Pessoal de Nıvel Superior), number PNPD 3002010037P0–MEC/CAPES(M.A. Varella); Charles University Research Programme "Progres" Q18(M. Vranka); Polish National Science Center & Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftBeethoven grant (2016/23/G/HS6/01775; M. Parzuchowski); the Foundation forPolish Science (A. Groyecka-Bernard; M. Misiak); Polish National Science Centre(2020/36/T/HS6/00256; M. Misiak; 2020/36/T/HS6/00254; A. Groyecka-Ber-nard); Research Grant from Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University(M. Kossowska, G. Czarnek, P. Szwed), Slovak Research and Development AgencyAPVV-18-0140 (M. Martoncik); the Slovak Research and Development Agencyunder grant contract no. APVV-17-0596 (M. Hruska); Slovak Research and Devel-opment Agency APVV-20-0319 (M. Adamkovic); NSF #1734815 - NRT-UtB:"Graduate Training Program in Sensory Science: Optimizing the InformationAvailable for Mind and Brain", grant from NSF to University of Minnesota(M. Manavalan); Rubicon Grant (019.183SG.007) from the Netherlands Organi-sation for Scientific Research (K. van Schie); the National Science Centre, Poland(grant no: UMO-2019/35/B/HS6/00528; K. Barzykowski); National Agency ofResearch and Development Millennium Science Initiative /Millennium Institutefor Research on Depression and Personality-MIDAP ICS13_005 FONDECYT1191708 (J.R. Silva); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2016:0229; J.K.Olofsson); the Slovak Research and Development Agency APVV-15-0662(J.Benka); the Sherwin Early Career Professor in the Rock Ethics Institute(J.A. Soto); Penn State's Office of the Senior Faculty Mentor (J.A. Soto); GermanNational Academic Foundation (J. Berkessel); the ScientificGrantAgencyoftheSlovak Republic under the grant No. VEGA 1/0748/19 (J. Bavolar); Chair for Pub-lic Trust in Health, Grenoble Ecole de Management (I. Ziano); PRIMUS/20/HUM/009 (I. Ropovik); Tufts University (H. Urry); the National Institute of MentalHealth T32MN018931 (H. Moshontz); APVV-17-0418 (G. Banik); J. William Ful-bright Program (F. Azevedo); the Innovational Research Incentives Scheme Venifrom the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research—Division for the SocialSciences 451-15-028 (E.S. Smit); Amazon Web Services Imagine Grant(E.M. Buchanan); the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF (D. Grigor-yev); the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF (D. Dubrov), the BasicResearch Program at HSE University, RF (E. Agadullina). Contract no. APVV-18-0140 ; the Research Council of Norway 288083, 223273 (C.K. Tamnes); theSouth-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority 2019069, 2021070, 500189(C.K. Tamnes); the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority grant no.2020023 (A. Askelund); EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004,UNKP-21-4 and NKFIH“OTKA”PD-137588 by the National Research, Development and InnovationFund (A.N. Zsido); Faculty Development Grant from Dominican University(A. Krafnick & R. Calin-Jageman); Portuguese National Foundation for Scienceand Technology SFRH/BD/126304/2016 (A.C. Santos); the statutory funds of theUniversity of Wroclaw (A. Sorokowska); CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for BiomedicalImaging and Translational Research funding by the Portuguese National Foundation for Science and Technology (grant agreement ref. UIDP/4950/2020;I. Almeida, A. Ferreira, D. Sousa); PhD grant co-funded by the PortugueseNational Foundation for Science and Technology and the European Social Fund(Ref. 2020.08597.BD; A. Ferreira); Horizon 2020 Research Project (Europeangrant agreement ID: 731827, STIPED - Stimulation in Pediatrics - Transcranialbrain stimulation as innovative therapy for chronic pediatric neuropsychiatric dis-orders; D. Sousa); Internal funding from Kingston University (A. Gourdon-Kanhu-kamwe); the Slovak Research and Development Agency under grant contract no.APVV-17-0596 (A. Findor); Pacifica and the Association Nationale RechercheTechnologie through CIFRE (Conventions Industrielles de Formation par laRecherche) grant 2017/0245 (A. Bran); Scholarships of the President of Wrocław Wincenty Stys scholarship in thefield of humanities and social sciences, 2021/2022; Marta Kowal); Special Research Fund of Ghent University grant (COV035-20 BOF; B. Soenens and M. Vansteenkiste); a special grant from the Associationfor Psychological Science (to the Psychological Science Accelerator). 2023-01-13T19:18:54.6828976 2022-06-15T12:23:01.7572035 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Andrew Thomas 0000-0001-5251-7923 1 Nicole Legate 2 Thuy-vy Ngyuen 3 Netta Weinstein 4 Arlen Moller 5 Lisa Legault 6 Zahir Vally 7 Zuzanna Tajchman 8 Andras N. Zsido 9 Miha Zrimsek 10 Zhang Chen 11 Ignazio Ziano 12 Zoi Gialitaki 13 Chris D. Ceary 14 Yuna Jang 15 Yijun Lin 16 Yoshihiko Kunisato 17 Yuki Yamada 18 Qinyu Xiao 19 Xiaoming Jiang 20 Xinkai Du 21 Elvin Yao 22 William S. Ryan 23 John Paul Wilson 24 Wilson Cyrus-Lai 25 William Jimenez-Leal 26 Wilbert Law 27 Wenceslao Unanue 28 W. Matthew Collins 29 Karley L. Richard 30 Marek Vranka 31 Vladislav Ankushev 32 Vidar Schei 33 Chloe DePaola 34 Veronika Lerche 35 Vanja Kovic 36 Valerija Križanić 37 Veselina Hristova Kadreva 38 Vera Cubela Adoric 39 Ulrich S. Tran 40 Siu Kit Yeung 41 Widad Hassan 42 Ralph Houston 43 Michael A. Machin 44 Tiago J. S. Lima 45 Thomas Ostermann 46 Thomas Frizzo 47 Therese E. Sverdrup 48 Thea House 49 Tripat Gill 50 Maksim Fedotov 51 Tamar Paltrow 52 Teodor Jernsäther 53 Tasnim Rahman 54 Tanya Machin 55 Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm 56 Thomas J. Hostler 57 Tatsunori Ishii 58 Barnabas Szaszi 59 Sylwia Adamus 60 Lilian Suter 61 Suparpit M. von Bormann 62 Sumaiya Habib 63 Anna Studzinska 64 Dragana Stojanovska 65 Steve M. J. Janssen 66 Stefan Stieger 67 Stefan E. Schulenberg 68 Srinivasan Tatachari 69 Soufian Azouaghe 70 Piotr Sorokowski 71 Agnieszka Sorokowska 72 Xin Song 73 Sofie Morbée 74 Savannah Lewis 75 Sladjana Sinkolova 76 Dmitry Grigoryev 77 Shira Meir Drexler 78 Shimrit Daches 79 Shelby L. Levine 80 Shawn N. Geniole 81 Shahunur Akter 82 Selena Vračar 83 Sébastien Massoni 84 Sebastiano Costa 85 Saša Zorjan 86 Eylul Sarioguz 87 Sara Morales Izquierdo 88 Sarah Suzette Tshonda 89 Sara G. Alves 90 Sara Pöntinen 91 Sara Álvarez Solas 92 Santiago Ordoñez-Riaño 93 Sanja Batić Očovaj 94 Sandersan Onie 95 Samuel Lins 96 Theresa Biberauer 97 Sami Çoksan 98 Sakda Khumkom 99 Asli Sacakli 100 Susana Ruiz-Fernández 101 Sandra J. Geiger 102 Saeideh FatahModares 103 Radoslaw B. Walczak 104 Ruben Betlehem 105 Roosevelt Vilar 106 Rodrigo A. Cárcamo 107 Robert M. Ross 108 Randy McCarthy 109 Tonia Ballantyne 110 Erin C. Westgate 111 Richard M. Ryan 112 Rafael Gargurevich 113 Reza Afhami 114 Dongning Ren 115 Renan P. Monteiro 116 Ulf-Dietrich Reips 117 Niv Reggev 118 Robert J. Calin-Jageman 119 Razieh Pourafshari 120 Raquel Oliveira 121 Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova 122 Rima-Maria Rahal 123 Rafael R. Ribeiro 124 Theda Radtke 125 Rachel Searston 126 Rachadaporn Jai-ai 127 Redeate Habte 128 Przemysław Zdybek 129 Sau-Chin Chen 130 Piyaorn Wajanatinapart 131 Princess Lovella G. Maturan 132 Jennifer T. Perillo 133 Peder Mortvedt Isager 134 Pavol Kačmár 135 Paulo Manuel Macapagal 136 Michael R. Maniaci 137 Paulina Szwed 138 Paul H. P. Hanel 139 Paul A. G. Forbes 140 Patricia Arriaga 141 Bastien Paris 142 Neha Parashar 143 Konstantinos Papachristopoulos 144 Pablo Sebastián Correa 145 Ondřej Kácha 146 Márcia Bernardo 147 Olatz Campos 148 Olalla Niño Bravo 149 Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero 150 Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya 151 Olga Bialobrzeska 152 Natalia Kiselnikova 153 Nicolle Simonovic 154 Noga Cohen 155 Nora L. Nock 156 Alejandrina Hernandez 157 Cecilie Thogersen-Ntoumani 158 Nikos Ntoumanis 159 Niklas Johannes 160 Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir 161 Nicolas Say 162 Andreas B. Neubauer 163 Neil I. Martin 164 Neil Levy 165 Nathan Torunsky 166 Natasha van Antwerpen 167 Natalia Van Doren 168 Naoyuki Sunami 169 Nikolay R. Rachev 170 Nadyanna M. Majeed 171 Nadya-Daniela Schmidt 172 Khaoula Nadif 173 Nadia S. Corral-Frías 174 Nihal Ouherrou 175 Nida Abbas 176 Myrto Pantazi 177 Marc Y. Lucas 178 Martin R. Vasilev 179 María Victoria Ortiz 180 Muhammad Mussaffa Butt 181 Murathan Kurfalı 182 Muhib Kabir 183 Rafał Muda 184 María del Carmen MC Tejada Rivera 185 Miroslav Sirota 186 Martin Seehuus 187 Michal Parzuchowski 188 Mónica Toro 189 Monika Hricova 190 Mónica Alarcón Maldonado 191 Panagiotis Rentzelas 192 Maarten Vansteenkiste 193 Molly A. Metz 194 Magdalena Marszalek 195 Maria Karekla 196 Giovanna Mioni 197 Minke Jasmijn Bosma 198 Minja Westerlund 199 Milica Vdovic 200 Michal Bialek 201 Miguel A. Silan 202 Michele Anne 203 Michal Misiak 204 Maria C. Gugliandolo 205 Maurice Grinberg 206 Mariagrazia Capizzi 207 Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría 208 Merve A. Kurfali 209 Michael C. Mensink 210 Mikayel Harutyunyan 211 Meetu Khosla 212 Megan R. Dunn 213 Max Korbmacher 214 Matúš Adamkovič 215 Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro 216 Maria Terskova 217 Matej Hruška 218 Marcel Martončik 219 Martine Jansen 220 Martin Voracek 221 Martin Čadek 222 Martha Frias-Armenta 223 Marta Kowal 224 Marta Topor 225 Marta Roczniewska 226 Marlies Oosterlinck 227 Markéta Braun Kohlová 228 Mariola Paruzel-Czachura 229 Marina Sabristov 230 Marina Romanova 231 Marietta Papadatou-Pastou 232 Maria Louise Lund 233 Maria Antoniadi 234 Maria Elena Magrin 235 Marc V. Jones 236 Manyu Li 237 Manuel S. Ortiz 238 Mathi Manavalan 239 Abdumalik Muminov 240 Małgorzata Kossowska 241 Maja Friedemann 242 Magdalena Wielgus 243 Madelon L.M. van Hooff 244 Marco A. C. Varella 245 Martyn Standage 246 Matilde Nicolotti 247 Melissa F. Colloff 248 Maria Bradford 249 Leigh Ann Vaughn 250 Luis Eudave 251 Luc Vieira 252 Jackson G. Lu 253 Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda 254 Lennia Matos 255 Laura Calderón Pérez 256 Ljiljana B. Lazarevic 257 Lisa M. Jaremka 258 Eline Suzanne Smit 259 Elizaveta Kushnir 260 Lisa J. Ferguson 261 Lisa Anton-Boicuk 262 Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho 263 Lina Ahlgren 264 Francesca Liga 265 Carmel A. Levitan 266 Leticia Micheli 267 Lesley-Ann Gunton 268 Leonhard Volz 269 Marija Stojanovska 270 Leanne Boucher 271 Lara Samojlenko 272 Lady Grey Javela Delgado 273 Lada Kaliska 274 Labadi Beatrix 275 Lara Warmelink 276 Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia 277 Karen Yu 278 Keith Wylie 279 Jakub Wachowicz 280 Kermeka Desai 281 Krystian Barzykowski 282 Luca Kozma 283 Kortnee Evans 284 Komila Kirgizova 285 Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin 286 Monica A. Koehn 287 Kelly Wolfe 288 Tatiana Korobova 289 Katherine Morris 290 Kristoffer Klevjer 291 Kevin van Schie 292 Kevin Vezirian 293 Kaja Damnjanović 294 Katrine Krabbe Thommesen 295 Kathleen Schmidt 296 Katarzyna Filip 297 Karolina Staniaszek 298 Karolina Grzech 299 Karlijn Hoyer 300 Karis Moon 301 Sirikon Khaobunmasiri 302 Kafeel Rana 303 Kristina Janjić 304 Jordan W. Suchow 305 Julita Kielińska 306 Julio E. Cruz Vásquez 307 Julien Chanal 308 Julia Beitner 309 Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto 310 Jose Carlos T. Roxas 311 Jennifer Taber 312 Joan Urriago-Rayo 313 Jeffrey M. Pavlacic 314 Jozef Benka 315 Jozef Bavolar 316 José A. Soto 317 Jonas K. Olofsson 318 Johannes K. Vilsmeier 319 Johanna Messerschmidt 320 Johanna Czamanski-Cohen 321 Joachim Waterschoot 322 Jennifer D. Moss 323 Jordane Boudesseul 324 Jeong Min Lee 325 Julia Kamburidis 326 Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba 327 Janis Zickfeld 328 Jacob F. Miranda 329 Jeroen P. H. Verharen 330 Evgeniya Hristova 331 Julie E. Beshears 332 Jasna Milosevic Djordjevic 333 Jasmijn Bosch 334 Jaroslava Varella Valentova 335 Jan Antfolk 336 Jana B. Berkessel 337 Jana Schrötter 338 Jan Urban 339 Jan Philipp Röer 340 James O. Norton 341 Jaime R. Silva 342 Jade S. Pickering 343 Jáchym Vintr 344 Jim Uttley 345 Jonas R. Kunst 346 Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe 347 Aishwarya Iyer 348 Iris Vilares 349 Aleksandr Ivanov 350 Ivan Ropovik 351 Isabela Sula 352 Irena Sarieva 353 Irem Metin-Orta 354 Irina Prusova 355 Isabel Pinto 356 Andreea Ioana Bozdoc 357 Inês A. T. Almeida 358 Ilse L. Pit 359 Ilker Dalgar 360 Ilya Zakharov 361 Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze 362 Keiko Ihaya 363 Ian D. Stephen 364 Biljana Gjoneska 365 Hilmar Brohmer 366 Heather Flowe 367 Hendrik Godbersen 368 Halil Emre Kocalar 369 Mattie V. Hedgebeth 370 Hu Chuan-Peng 371 MohammadHasan Sharifian 372 Harry Manley 373 Handan Akkas 374 Nandor Hajdu 375 Habiba Azab 376 Gwenael Kaminski 377 Gustav Nilsonne 378 Gulnaz Anjum 379 Giovanni A. Travaglino 380 Gilad Feldman 381 Gerit Pfuhl 382 Gabriela Czarnek 383 Gabriela Mariana Marcu 384 Gabriela Hofer 385 Gabriel Banik 386 Gabriel Agboola Adetula 387 Gijsbert Bijlstra 388 Frederick Verbruggen 389 Franki Y. H. Kung 390 Frank Martela 391 Francesco Foroni 392 Jacques Forest 393 Gage Singer 394 Fany Muchembled 395 Flavio Azevedo 396 Farnaz Mosannenzadeh 397 Evelina Marinova 398 Eva Štrukelj 399 Zahra Etebari 400 Emma L. Bradshaw 401 Ernest Baskin 402 Elkin Oswaldo Luis Garcia 403 Erica Musser 404 I.M.M. van Steenkiste 405 El Rim Ahn 406 Eleanor Quested 407 Ekaterina Pronizius 408 Emily A. Jackson 409 Efisio Manunta 410 Elena Agadullina 411 Dušana Šakan 412 Pinar Dursun 413 Olivier Dujols 414 Dmitrii Dubrov 415 Megan Willis 416 Murat Tümer 417 Jennifer L. Beaudry 418 Dora Popović 419 Daniel Dunleavy 420 Ikhlas Djamai 421 Dino Krupić 422 Dora Herrera 423 Diego Vega 424 Hongfei Du 425 Débora Mola 426 Desislava Chakarova 427 William E. Davis 428 Dawn Liu Holford 429 David M. G. Lewis 430 David C. Vaidis 431 Daphna Hausman Ozery 432 Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte 433 Daniel Storage 434 Daniela Sousa 435 Daniela Serrato Alvarez 436 Daniel Boller 437 Anna Dalla Rosa 438 Daliborka Dimova 439 Dajana Krupić 440 Dafne Marko 441 David Moreau 442 Crystal Reeck 443 Rita C. Correia 444 Cassie M. Whitt 445 Claus Lamm 446 Claudio Singh Solorzano 447 Claudia C. von Bastian 448 Clare AM Sutherland 449 Clara Overkott 450 Christopher L. Aberson 451 Chunhui Wang 452 Christopher P. Niemiec 453 Christiana Karashiali 454 Chris Noone 455 Faith Chiu 456 Chiara Picciocchi 457 Charlotte Brownlow 458 Cemre Karaarslan 459 Nicola Cellini 460 Celia Esteban-Serna 461 Cecilia Reyna 462 Cecilia Ferreyra 463 Carlota Batres 464 Ranran Li 465 Caterina Grano 466 Joelle Carpentier 467 Christian K. Tamnes 468 Cynthia H.Y. Fu 469 Byurakn Ishkhanyan 470 Lisa Bylinina 471 Bastian Jaeger 472 Carsten Bundt 473 Tara Bulut Allred 474 Branko J. Vermote 475 Ahmed Bokkour 476 Natalia Bogatyreva 477 Jiaxin Shi 478 William J. Chopik 479 Benedict Antazo 480 Behzad Behzadnia 481 Maja Becker 482 Manal M. Bayyat 483 Beatrice Cocco 484 Wei-Lun Chou 485 Vassilis Barkoukis 486 Barbora Hubena 487 Barbara Žuro 488 Balazs Aczel 489 Ekaterina Baklanova 490 Hui Bai 491 Busra Bahar Balci 492 Peter Babinčák 493 Bart Soenens 494 Barnaby James Wyld Dixson 495 Aviv Mokady 496 Heather Barry Kappes 497 Mohammad Atari 498 Anna Szala 499 Anna Szabelska 500 John Jamir Benzon Aruta 501 Artur Domurat 502 Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze 503 Arianna Modena 504 Arca Adiguzel 505 Arash Monajem 506 Kanza AIT EL ARABI 507 Asil Ali Özdoğru 508 Alex O. Rothbaum 509 Adriana Olaya Torres 510 Andriana Theodoropoulou 511 Anna Skowronek 512 Anita Penić Jurković 513 Anisha Singh 514 Angelos P. Kassianos 515 Andrej Findor 516 Andree Hartanto 517 Anais Thibault Landry 518 Ana Ferreira 519 Anabela Caetano Santos 520 Anabel De la Rosa-Gomez 521 Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe 522 Alexandria M. Luxon 523 Anna Louise Todsen 524 Alper Karababa 525 Allison Janak 526 Alice Pilato 527 Alexandre Bran 528 Alexa M. Tullett 529 Anna O. Kuzminska 530 Anthony J. Krafnick 531 Anum Urooj 532 Ahmed Khaoudi 533 Afroja Ahmed 534 Agata Groyecka-Bernard 535 Adrian Dahl Askelund 536 Adeyemi Adetula 537 Anabel Belaus 538 Abdelilah Ca Charyate 539 Aaron L. Wichman 540 Alina Stoyanova 541 Anna Greenburgh 542 Andrew G. Thomas 543 Alexios Arvanitis 544 Patrick S. Forscher 545 Peter R. Mallik 546 Nicholas A. Coles 547 Jeremy K. Miller 548 Hannah Moshontz 549 Heather L. Urry 550 Hans IJzerman 551 Dana M. Basnight-Brown 552 Charles R. Ebersole 553 Christopher R. Chartier 554 Erin M. Buchanan 555 Maximilian A. Primbs 556 Andrew G. Thomas 0000-0001-5251-7923 557 60250__24320__345c063503b94332a05f2d2aac1d0660.pdf 60250.pdf 2022-06-15T12:25:33.3184006 Output 1162626 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.This open access article is distributed underCreativeCommons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY) true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| title |
A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| spellingShingle |
A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic Andrew Thomas Andrew G. Thomas |
| title_short |
A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| title_full |
A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| title_fullStr |
A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed |
A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| title_sort |
A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| author_id_str_mv |
a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96 eeb1d105d3d196c7106cb384302af781 |
| author_id_fullname_str_mv |
a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96_***_Andrew Thomas eeb1d105d3d196c7106cb384302af781_***_Andrew G. Thomas |
| author |
Andrew Thomas Andrew G. Thomas |
| author2 |
Andrew Thomas Nicole Legate Thuy-vy Ngyuen Netta Weinstein Arlen Moller Lisa Legault Zahir Vally Zuzanna Tajchman Andras N. Zsido Miha Zrimsek Zhang Chen Ignazio Ziano Zoi Gialitaki Chris D. Ceary Yuna Jang Yijun Lin Yoshihiko Kunisato Yuki Yamada Qinyu Xiao Xiaoming Jiang Xinkai Du Elvin Yao William S. Ryan John Paul Wilson Wilson Cyrus-Lai William Jimenez-Leal Wilbert Law Wenceslao Unanue W. Matthew Collins Karley L. Richard Marek Vranka Vladislav Ankushev Vidar Schei Chloe DePaola Veronika Lerche Vanja Kovic Valerija Križanić Veselina Hristova Kadreva Vera Cubela Adoric Ulrich S. Tran Siu Kit Yeung Widad Hassan Ralph Houston Michael A. Machin Tiago J. S. Lima Thomas Ostermann Thomas Frizzo Therese E. Sverdrup Thea House Tripat Gill Maksim Fedotov Tamar Paltrow Teodor Jernsäther Tasnim Rahman Tanya Machin Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm Thomas J. Hostler Tatsunori Ishii Barnabas Szaszi Sylwia Adamus Lilian Suter Suparpit M. von Bormann Sumaiya Habib Anna Studzinska Dragana Stojanovska Steve M. J. Janssen Stefan Stieger Stefan E. Schulenberg Srinivasan Tatachari Soufian Azouaghe Piotr Sorokowski Agnieszka Sorokowska Xin Song Sofie Morbée Savannah Lewis Sladjana Sinkolova Dmitry Grigoryev Shira Meir Drexler Shimrit Daches Shelby L. Levine Shawn N. Geniole Shahunur Akter Selena Vračar Sébastien Massoni Sebastiano Costa Saša Zorjan Eylul Sarioguz Sara Morales Izquierdo Sarah Suzette Tshonda Sara G. Alves Sara Pöntinen Sara Álvarez Solas Santiago Ordoñez-Riaño Sanja Batić Očovaj Sandersan Onie Samuel Lins Theresa Biberauer Sami Çoksan Sakda Khumkom Asli Sacakli Susana Ruiz-Fernández Sandra J. Geiger Saeideh FatahModares Radoslaw B. Walczak Ruben Betlehem Roosevelt Vilar Rodrigo A. Cárcamo Robert M. Ross Randy McCarthy Tonia Ballantyne Erin C. Westgate Richard M. Ryan Rafael Gargurevich Reza Afhami Dongning Ren Renan P. Monteiro Ulf-Dietrich Reips Niv Reggev Robert J. Calin-Jageman Razieh Pourafshari Raquel Oliveira Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova Rima-Maria Rahal Rafael R. Ribeiro Theda Radtke Rachel Searston Rachadaporn Jai-ai Redeate Habte Przemysław Zdybek Sau-Chin Chen Piyaorn Wajanatinapart Princess Lovella G. Maturan Jennifer T. Perillo Peder Mortvedt Isager Pavol Kačmár Paulo Manuel Macapagal Michael R. Maniaci Paulina Szwed Paul H. P. Hanel Paul A. G. Forbes Patricia Arriaga Bastien Paris Neha Parashar Konstantinos Papachristopoulos Pablo Sebastián Correa Ondřej Kácha Márcia Bernardo Olatz Campos Olalla Niño Bravo Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya Olga Bialobrzeska Natalia Kiselnikova Nicolle Simonovic Noga Cohen Nora L. Nock Alejandrina Hernandez Cecilie Thogersen-Ntoumani Nikos Ntoumanis Niklas Johannes Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir Nicolas Say Andreas B. Neubauer Neil I. Martin Neil Levy Nathan Torunsky Natasha van Antwerpen Natalia Van Doren Naoyuki Sunami Nikolay R. Rachev Nadyanna M. Majeed Nadya-Daniela Schmidt Khaoula Nadif Nadia S. Corral-Frías Nihal Ouherrou Nida Abbas Myrto Pantazi Marc Y. Lucas Martin R. Vasilev María Victoria Ortiz Muhammad Mussaffa Butt Murathan Kurfalı Muhib Kabir Rafał Muda María del Carmen MC Tejada Rivera Miroslav Sirota Martin Seehuus Michal Parzuchowski Mónica Toro Monika Hricova Mónica Alarcón Maldonado Panagiotis Rentzelas Maarten Vansteenkiste Molly A. Metz Magdalena Marszalek Maria Karekla Giovanna Mioni Minke Jasmijn Bosma Minja Westerlund Milica Vdovic Michal Bialek Miguel A. Silan Michele Anne Michal Misiak Maria C. Gugliandolo Maurice Grinberg Mariagrazia Capizzi Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría Merve A. Kurfali Michael C. Mensink Mikayel Harutyunyan Meetu Khosla Megan R. Dunn Max Korbmacher Matúš Adamkovič Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro Maria Terskova Matej Hruška Marcel Martončik Martine Jansen Martin Voracek Martin Čadek Martha Frias-Armenta Marta Kowal Marta Topor Marta Roczniewska Marlies Oosterlinck Markéta Braun Kohlová Mariola Paruzel-Czachura Marina Sabristov Marina Romanova Marietta Papadatou-Pastou Maria Louise Lund Maria Antoniadi Maria Elena Magrin Marc V. Jones Manyu Li Manuel S. Ortiz Mathi Manavalan Abdumalik Muminov Małgorzata Kossowska Maja Friedemann Magdalena Wielgus Madelon L.M. van Hooff Marco A. C. Varella Martyn Standage Matilde Nicolotti Melissa F. Colloff Maria Bradford Leigh Ann Vaughn Luis Eudave Luc Vieira Jackson G. Lu Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda Lennia Matos Laura Calderón Pérez Ljiljana B. Lazarevic Lisa M. Jaremka Eline Suzanne Smit Elizaveta Kushnir Lisa J. Ferguson Lisa Anton-Boicuk Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho Lina Ahlgren Francesca Liga Carmel A. Levitan Leticia Micheli Lesley-Ann Gunton Leonhard Volz Marija Stojanovska Leanne Boucher Lara Samojlenko Lady Grey Javela Delgado Lada Kaliska Labadi Beatrix Lara Warmelink Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia Karen Yu Keith Wylie Jakub Wachowicz Kermeka Desai Krystian Barzykowski Luca Kozma Kortnee Evans Komila Kirgizova Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin Monica A. Koehn Kelly Wolfe Tatiana Korobova Katherine Morris Kristoffer Klevjer Kevin van Schie Kevin Vezirian Kaja Damnjanović Katrine Krabbe Thommesen Kathleen Schmidt Katarzyna Filip Karolina Staniaszek Karolina Grzech Karlijn Hoyer Karis Moon Sirikon Khaobunmasiri Kafeel Rana Kristina Janjić Jordan W. Suchow Julita Kielińska Julio E. Cruz Vásquez Julien Chanal Julia Beitner Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto Jose Carlos T. Roxas Jennifer Taber Joan Urriago-Rayo Jeffrey M. Pavlacic Jozef Benka Jozef Bavolar José A. Soto Jonas K. Olofsson Johannes K. Vilsmeier Johanna Messerschmidt Johanna Czamanski-Cohen Joachim Waterschoot Jennifer D. Moss Jordane Boudesseul Jeong Min Lee Julia Kamburidis Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba Janis Zickfeld Jacob F. Miranda Jeroen P. H. Verharen Evgeniya Hristova Julie E. Beshears Jasna Milosevic Djordjevic Jasmijn Bosch Jaroslava Varella Valentova Jan Antfolk Jana B. Berkessel Jana Schrötter Jan Urban Jan Philipp Röer James O. Norton Jaime R. Silva Jade S. Pickering Jáchym Vintr Jim Uttley Jonas R. Kunst Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe Aishwarya Iyer Iris Vilares Aleksandr Ivanov Ivan Ropovik Isabela Sula Irena Sarieva Irem Metin-Orta Irina Prusova Isabel Pinto Andreea Ioana Bozdoc Inês A. T. Almeida Ilse L. Pit Ilker Dalgar Ilya Zakharov Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze Keiko Ihaya Ian D. Stephen Biljana Gjoneska Hilmar Brohmer Heather Flowe Hendrik Godbersen Halil Emre Kocalar Mattie V. Hedgebeth Hu Chuan-Peng MohammadHasan Sharifian Harry Manley Handan Akkas Nandor Hajdu Habiba Azab Gwenael Kaminski Gustav Nilsonne Gulnaz Anjum Giovanni A. Travaglino Gilad Feldman Gerit Pfuhl Gabriela Czarnek Gabriela Mariana Marcu Gabriela Hofer Gabriel Banik Gabriel Agboola Adetula Gijsbert Bijlstra Frederick Verbruggen Franki Y. H. Kung Frank Martela Francesco Foroni Jacques Forest Gage Singer Fany Muchembled Flavio Azevedo Farnaz Mosannenzadeh Evelina Marinova Eva Štrukelj Zahra Etebari Emma L. Bradshaw Ernest Baskin Elkin Oswaldo Luis Garcia Erica Musser I.M.M. van Steenkiste El Rim Ahn Eleanor Quested Ekaterina Pronizius Emily A. Jackson Efisio Manunta Elena Agadullina Dušana Šakan Pinar Dursun Olivier Dujols Dmitrii Dubrov Megan Willis Murat Tümer Jennifer L. Beaudry Dora Popović Daniel Dunleavy Ikhlas Djamai Dino Krupić Dora Herrera Diego Vega Hongfei Du Débora Mola Desislava Chakarova William E. Davis Dawn Liu Holford David M. G. Lewis David C. Vaidis Daphna Hausman Ozery Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte Daniel Storage Daniela Sousa Daniela Serrato Alvarez Daniel Boller Anna Dalla Rosa Daliborka Dimova Dajana Krupić Dafne Marko David Moreau Crystal Reeck Rita C. Correia Cassie M. Whitt Claus Lamm Claudio Singh Solorzano Claudia C. von Bastian Clare AM Sutherland Clara Overkott Christopher L. Aberson Chunhui Wang Christopher P. Niemiec Christiana Karashiali Chris Noone Faith Chiu Chiara Picciocchi Charlotte Brownlow Cemre Karaarslan Nicola Cellini Celia Esteban-Serna Cecilia Reyna Cecilia Ferreyra Carlota Batres Ranran Li Caterina Grano Joelle Carpentier Christian K. Tamnes Cynthia H.Y. Fu Byurakn Ishkhanyan Lisa Bylinina Bastian Jaeger Carsten Bundt Tara Bulut Allred Branko J. Vermote Ahmed Bokkour Natalia Bogatyreva Jiaxin Shi William J. Chopik Benedict Antazo Behzad Behzadnia Maja Becker Manal M. Bayyat Beatrice Cocco Wei-Lun Chou Vassilis Barkoukis Barbora Hubena Barbara Žuro Balazs Aczel Ekaterina Baklanova Hui Bai Busra Bahar Balci Peter Babinčák Bart Soenens Barnaby James Wyld Dixson Aviv Mokady Heather Barry Kappes Mohammad Atari Anna Szala Anna Szabelska John Jamir Benzon Aruta Artur Domurat Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze Arianna Modena Arca Adiguzel Arash Monajem Kanza AIT EL ARABI Asil Ali Özdoğru Alex O. Rothbaum Adriana Olaya Torres Andriana Theodoropoulou Anna Skowronek Anita Penić Jurković Anisha Singh Angelos P. Kassianos Andrej Findor Andree Hartanto Anais Thibault Landry Ana Ferreira Anabela Caetano Santos Anabel De la Rosa-Gomez Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe Alexandria M. Luxon Anna Louise Todsen Alper Karababa Allison Janak Alice Pilato Alexandre Bran Alexa M. Tullett Anna O. Kuzminska Anthony J. Krafnick Anum Urooj Ahmed Khaoudi Afroja Ahmed Agata Groyecka-Bernard Adrian Dahl Askelund Adeyemi Adetula Anabel Belaus Abdelilah Ca Charyate Aaron L. Wichman Alina Stoyanova Anna Greenburgh Andrew G. Thomas Alexios Arvanitis Patrick S. Forscher Peter R. Mallik Nicholas A. Coles Jeremy K. Miller Hannah Moshontz Heather L. Urry Hans IJzerman Dana M. Basnight-Brown Charles R. Ebersole Christopher R. Chartier Erin M. Buchanan Maximilian A. Primbs Andrew G. Thomas |
| format |
Journal article |
| container_title |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| container_volume |
119 |
| container_issue |
22 |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| institution |
Swansea University |
| issn |
0027-8424 1091-6490 |
| doi_str_mv |
10.1073/pnas.2111091119 |
| publisher |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| college_str |
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences |
| hierarchytype |
|
| hierarchy_top_id |
facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences |
| hierarchy_top_title |
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences |
| hierarchy_parent_id |
facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences |
| hierarchy_parent_title |
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences |
| department_str |
School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology |
| document_store_str |
1 |
| active_str |
0 |
| description |
Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges. |
| published_date |
2022-05-27T04:18:12Z |
| _version_ |
1763754212243537920 |
| score |
11.012924 |