Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Gallardo, Javier Delgado; Sullivan, Geraint L.; TOKARYK, MATTHEW; Russell, J. E.; Davies, G. R.; Johns, K. V.; Hunter, Ann; Watson, Trystan; Sarp, Sarper

doi:10.1021/acsestwater.1c00319

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Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Javier Delgado Gallardo, Geraint L. Sullivan

, MATTHEW TOKARYK, J. E. Russell, G. R. Davies, K. V. Johns, Ann Hunter, Trystan Watson

, Sarper Sarp

ACS EST Water, Volume: 2, Issue: 4, Pages: 527 - 538

Swansea University Authors: Javier Delgado Gallardo, Geraint L. Sullivan , MATTHEW TOKARYK, Ann Hunter, Trystan Watson , Sarper Sarp

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DOI (Published version): 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00319

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the worldwide production and use of disposable plastic face masks (DPFMs). The release of micro- and nanopollutants into the environment is one of the impacts derived from regulated and unregulated disposal of DPFMs. This study focuses on the emission of pollutant...

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Published in:	ACS EST Water
ISSN:	2690-0637 2690-0637
Published:	American Chemical Society (ACS) 2022
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URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59905
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The release of micro- and nanopollutants into the environment is one of the impacts derived from regulated and unregulated disposal of DPFMs. This study focuses on the emission of pollutants from medical-grade DPFMs when submerged in deionized water, simulating regulated and unregulated disposal of these masks. Three brands of FFP2 and three brands of Type IIR medical masks, produced in various countries (UK, EU, and non-EU), were investigated. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) was used to obtain high-resolution images of the micro- and nanoparticles, and 0.02 μm pore size inorganic membranes were used to retain and subsequently analyze smaller particle size nanoparticles (>20 nm) released from the DPFMs. Particles and fibers in the micro- and nanoscale were found in all six DPFM brands. SEM with energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of particles containing different heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the leaching of trace heavy metals to water (antimony up to 2.41 μg/L and copper up to 4.68 μg/L). 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Assistance was provided by the Swansea University College of Engineering AIM facility, which is funded in part by the EPSRC (EP/M028267/1), the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government (80708), and Ser Solar project via Welsh Government.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2022-09-02T12:34:19.4118549</lastEdited><Created>2022-04-25T12:39:18.5477179</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Javier</firstname><surname>Delgado Gallardo</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Geraint L.</firstname><surname>Sullivan</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3370-2768</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>MATTHEW</firstname><surname>TOKARYK</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>J. E.</firstname><surname>Russell</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>G. 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spelling	2022-09-02T12:34:19.4118549 v2 59905 2022-04-25 Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic 1a35cea6f5d5e28ee22fc2d490e102d2 Javier Delgado Gallardo Javier Delgado Gallardo true false c3b9c5e1e6357330527c1a63a479b0f3 0000-0002-3370-2768 Geraint L. Sullivan Geraint L. Sullivan true true f51f252b0b01cf01a83c7f51d40a5588 MATTHEW TOKARYK MATTHEW TOKARYK true false 5c583a55906567a426ad699a8d0d6607 Ann Hunter Ann Hunter true false a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 0000-0002-8015-1436 Trystan Watson Trystan Watson true false ca341f0a3e516f888e12d2710d06e043 0000-0003-3866-1026 Sarper Sarp Sarper Sarp true false 2022-04-25 FGSEN The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the worldwide production and use of disposable plastic face masks (DPFMs). The release of micro- and nanopollutants into the environment is one of the impacts derived from regulated and unregulated disposal of DPFMs. This study focuses on the emission of pollutants from medical-grade DPFMs when submerged in deionized water, simulating regulated and unregulated disposal of these masks. Three brands of FFP2 and three brands of Type IIR medical masks, produced in various countries (UK, EU, and non-EU), were investigated. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) was used to obtain high-resolution images of the micro- and nanoparticles, and 0.02 μm pore size inorganic membranes were used to retain and subsequently analyze smaller particle size nanoparticles (>20 nm) released from the DPFMs. Particles and fibers in the micro- and nanoscale were found in all six DPFM brands. SEM with energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of particles containing different heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the leaching of trace heavy metals to water (antimony up to 2.41 μg/L and copper up to 4.68 μg/L). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified polar organic species related to plastic additives and contaminants such as polyamide-66 monomers and oligomers. Journal Article ACS EST Water 2 4 527 538 American Chemical Society (ACS) 2690-0637 2690-0637 microplastics, nanoplastics, heavy metals, COVID-19 PPE, disposable masks, medical-grade masks 8 4 2022 2022-04-08 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00319 COLLEGE NANME Science and Engineering - Faculty COLLEGE CODE FGSEN Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) We would like to acknowledge grant support from EPSRC (EP/R51312X/1; EP/N020863/1) and Swansea University College of Engineering. Assistance was provided by the Swansea University College of Engineering AIM facility, which is funded in part by the EPSRC (EP/M028267/1), the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government (80708), and Ser Solar project via Welsh Government. 2022-09-02T12:34:19.4118549 2022-04-25T12:39:18.5477179 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised Javier Delgado Gallardo 1 Geraint L. Sullivan 0000-0002-3370-2768 2 MATTHEW TOKARYK 3 J. E. Russell 4 G. R. Davies 5 K. V. Johns 6 Ann Hunter 7 Trystan Watson 0000-0002-8015-1436 8 Sarper Sarp 0000-0003-3866-1026 9 59905__24238__ce12a004fd3b4ba3af56663c04336750.pdf 59905.pdf 2022-06-06T17:16:48.1579001 Output 3621433 application/pdf Version of Record true Released under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic
spellingShingle	Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic Javier Delgado Gallardo Geraint L. Sullivan MATTHEW TOKARYK Ann Hunter Trystan Watson Sarper Sarp
title_short	Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic
title_full	Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic
title_fullStr	Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic
title_full_unstemmed	Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic
title_sort	Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic
author_id_str_mv	1a35cea6f5d5e28ee22fc2d490e102d2 c3b9c5e1e6357330527c1a63a479b0f3 f51f252b0b01cf01a83c7f51d40a5588 5c583a55906567a426ad699a8d0d6607 a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 ca341f0a3e516f888e12d2710d06e043
author_id_fullname_str_mv	1a35cea6f5d5e28ee22fc2d490e102d2_*_Javier Delgado Gallardo c3b9c5e1e6357330527c1a63a479b0f3__Geraint L. Sullivan f51f252b0b01cf01a83c7f51d40a5588__MATTHEW TOKARYK 5c583a55906567a426ad699a8d0d6607__Ann Hunter a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457__Trystan Watson ca341f0a3e516f888e12d2710d06e043_*_Sarper Sarp
author	Javier Delgado Gallardo Geraint L. Sullivan MATTHEW TOKARYK Ann Hunter Trystan Watson Sarper Sarp
author2	Javier Delgado Gallardo Geraint L. Sullivan MATTHEW TOKARYK J. E. Russell G. R. Davies K. V. Johns Ann Hunter Trystan Watson Sarper Sarp
format	Journal article
container_title	ACS EST Water
container_volume	2
container_issue	4
container_start_page	527
publishDate	2022
institution	Swansea University
issn	2690-0637 2690-0637
doi_str_mv	10.1021/acsestwater.1c00319
publisher	American Chemical Society (ACS)
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
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department_str	School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
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description	The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the worldwide production and use of disposable plastic face masks (DPFMs). The release of micro- and nanopollutants into the environment is one of the impacts derived from regulated and unregulated disposal of DPFMs. This study focuses on the emission of pollutants from medical-grade DPFMs when submerged in deionized water, simulating regulated and unregulated disposal of these masks. Three brands of FFP2 and three brands of Type IIR medical masks, produced in various countries (UK, EU, and non-EU), were investigated. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) was used to obtain high-resolution images of the micro- and nanoparticles, and 0.02 μm pore size inorganic membranes were used to retain and subsequently analyze smaller particle size nanoparticles (>20 nm) released from the DPFMs. Particles and fibers in the micro- and nanoscale were found in all six DPFM brands. SEM with energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of particles containing different heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the leaching of trace heavy metals to water (antimony up to 2.41 μg/L and copper up to 4.68 μg/L). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified polar organic species related to plastic additives and contaminants such as polyamide-66 monomers and oligomers.
published_date	2022-04-08T04:17:34Z
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score	11.014067

Disposable FFP2 and Type IIR Medical-Grade Face Masks: An Exhaustive Analysis into the Leaching of Micro- and Nanoparticles and Chemical Pollutants Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic

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