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On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis

Alvin Orbaek White Orcid Logo, Ali Hedayati, Tim Yick, Varun Gangoli Orcid Logo, Yubiao Niu, Sean Lethbridge, Ioannis Tsampanakis, Gemma Swan, Léo Pointeaux, Abigail Crane, Rhys G. Charles Orcid Logo, Jainaba Sallah-Conteh, Andrew O. Anderson, Matthew Davies Orcid Logo, Stuart Corr, Richard Palmer Orcid Logo

Nanomaterials, Volume: 12, Issue: 1, Start page: 9

Swansea University Authors: Alvin Orbaek White Orcid Logo, Ali Hedayati, Tim Yick, Varun Gangoli Orcid Logo, Yubiao Niu, Sean Lethbridge, Rhys G. Charles Orcid Logo, Matthew Davies Orcid Logo, Stuart Corr, Richard Palmer Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/nano12010009

Abstract

For every three people on the planet, there are approximately two Tonnes (Te) of plastic waste. We show that carbon recovery from polystyrene (PS) plastic is enhanced by the coaddition of solvents to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by liquid injection chemical vapour deposition. Polystyrene was loaded...

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Published in: Nanomaterials
ISSN: 2079-4991 2079-4991
Published: MDPI AG 2021
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59250
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Charles</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>true</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>4ad478e342120ca3434657eb13527636</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-2595-5121</ORCID><firstname>Matthew</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><name>Matthew Davies</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>c19c0e09cbb63e8e546a1a7e935b894c</sid><firstname>Stuart</firstname><surname>Corr</surname><name>Stuart Corr</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519</sid><ORCID>0000-0001-8728-8083</ORCID><firstname>Richard</firstname><surname>Palmer</surname><name>Richard Palmer</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2022-01-26</date><deptcode>CHEG</deptcode><abstract>For every three people on the planet, there are approximately two Tonnes (Te) of plastic waste. We show that carbon recovery from polystyrene (PS) plastic is enhanced by the coaddition of solvents to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by liquid injection chemical vapour deposition. Polystyrene was loaded up to 4 wt% in toluene and heated to 780 &#xB0;C in the presence of a ferrocene catalyst and a hydrogen/argon carrier gas at a 1:19 ratio. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The PS addition in the range from 0 to 4 wt% showed improved quality and CNT homogeneity; Raman "Graphitic/Defective" (G/D) values increased from 1.9 to 2.3; mean CNT diameters increased from 43.0 to 49.2 nm; and maximum CNT yield increased from 11.37% to 14.31%. Since both the CNT diameters and the percentage yield increased following the addition of polystyrene, we conclude that carbon from PS contributes to the carbon within the MWCNTs. The electrical contact resistance of acid-washed Bucky papers produced from each loading ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 Ohm, with no direct correlation to PS loading. Due to this narrow range, materials with different loadings were mixed to create the six wires of an Ethernet cable and tested using iPerf3; the cable achieved up- and down- link speeds of ~99.5 Mbps, i.e., comparable to Cu wire with the same dimensions (~99.5 Mbps). The lifecycle assessment (LCA) of CNT wire production was compared to copper wire production for a use case in a Boeing 747-400 over the lifespan of the aircraft. Due to their lightweight nature, the CNT wires decreased the CO footprint by 21 kTonnes (kTe) over the aircraft's lifespan.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Nanomaterials</journal><volume>12</volume><journalNumber>1</journalNumber><paginationStart>9</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>MDPI AG</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>2079-4991</issnPrint><issnElectronic>2079-4991</issnElectronic><keywords>carbon nanotube; plastic; chemical recycling; life cycle assessment; ethernet; circular economy; data transmission; carbon footprint</keywords><publishedDay>21</publishedDay><publishedMonth>12</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2021</publishedYear><publishedDate>2021-12-21</publishedDate><doi>10.3390/nano12010009</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Chemical Engineering</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>CHEG</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>A.O.W. is funded through S&#xEA;r Cymru II Fellowship by the Welsh Government and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). A.O.W. and T.Y. acknowledges funding from Welsh Government Circular Economy Capital Fund FY 2020-21. A.H. was funded by the Copper Nanotube Ultraconductive (UCC) wire project funded by S&#xEA;r Cymru National Research Network for Advanced Engineering and Materials (NRN) with contributions from E-Corp. G.S. received funding from Swansea Employability Academy (SEA) via the summer placements scheme. Thanks to funding by Welsh Government for Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships (KESS2), part funded by the Welsh Government&#x2019;s European Social Fund (ESF) convergence programme for West Wales and the Valleys. L.P. and I.T. funded through KESS2 and TRIMTABS Ltd. J.S.-C. funded through KESS2 and Salts Healthcare Ltd. M.L.D and R.C. are grateful for the financial support of the EPSRC (EP/S001336/1) and for funding LCA software and database licenses. We would like to acknowledge the Life Cycle Analysis for Circular Economy (LCA4CE) Lab. J.S.-C. &amp; V.S.G. funded thanks to Salts Healthcare Ltd. A.A. funded in part by the Swansea University Texas Strategic Partnership. The authors acknowledge access to the TEM provided by the Swansea University AIM Facility, funded in part by the EPSRC (EP/M028267/1), the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government (80708) and the Welsh Government&#x2019;s S&#xEA;r Cymru program</funders><lastEdited>2022-01-26T13:11:51.0748034</lastEdited><Created>2022-01-26T13:03:42.1611840</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Alvin</firstname><surname>Orbaek White</surname><orcid>0000-0001-6338-5970</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Ali</firstname><surname>Hedayati</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Tim</firstname><surname>Yick</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Varun</firstname><surname>Gangoli</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5313-5839</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Yubiao</firstname><surname>Niu</surname><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Sean</firstname><surname>Lethbridge</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Ioannis</firstname><surname>Tsampanakis</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Gemma</firstname><surname>Swan</surname><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>L&#xE9;o</firstname><surname>Pointeaux</surname><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Abigail</firstname><surname>Crane</surname><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Rhys G.</firstname><surname>Charles</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1886-378X</orcid><order>11</order></author><author><firstname>Jainaba</firstname><surname>Sallah-Conteh</surname><order>12</order></author><author><firstname>Andrew O.</firstname><surname>Anderson</surname><order>13</order></author><author><firstname>Matthew</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2595-5121</orcid><order>14</order></author><author><firstname>Stuart</firstname><surname>Corr</surname><order>15</order></author><author><firstname>Richard</firstname><surname>Palmer</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8728-8083</orcid><order>16</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>59250__22226__5df13c8a33a64ba998090ee1901e2509.pdf</filename><originalFilename>59250.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2022-01-26T13:09:45.8695294</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>3075810</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2021 by the authors. 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spelling 2022-01-26T13:11:51.0748034 v2 59250 2022-01-26 On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis 8414a23650d4403fdfe1a735dbd2e24e 0000-0001-6338-5970 Alvin Orbaek White Alvin Orbaek White true false 6381ea6b4b9a83b0fa2969df2c83d94e Ali Hedayati Ali Hedayati true false ccb07360981496ff88079701bd101801 Tim Yick Tim Yick true false 677b4758fd9d95755d516b096be7d396 0000-0001-5313-5839 Varun Gangoli Varun Gangoli true false c403a40f2acf2dc32e37b4555d19b4c0 Yubiao Niu Yubiao Niu true false bad972ff7c83554f30333029ea585fa2 Sean Lethbridge Sean Lethbridge true false 1ff66fa61714afa2dd8bdae1769a5d21 0000-0003-1886-378X Rhys G. Charles Rhys G. Charles true true 4ad478e342120ca3434657eb13527636 0000-0003-2595-5121 Matthew Davies Matthew Davies true false c19c0e09cbb63e8e546a1a7e935b894c Stuart Corr Stuart Corr true false 6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519 0000-0001-8728-8083 Richard Palmer Richard Palmer true false 2022-01-26 CHEG For every three people on the planet, there are approximately two Tonnes (Te) of plastic waste. We show that carbon recovery from polystyrene (PS) plastic is enhanced by the coaddition of solvents to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by liquid injection chemical vapour deposition. Polystyrene was loaded up to 4 wt% in toluene and heated to 780 °C in the presence of a ferrocene catalyst and a hydrogen/argon carrier gas at a 1:19 ratio. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The PS addition in the range from 0 to 4 wt% showed improved quality and CNT homogeneity; Raman "Graphitic/Defective" (G/D) values increased from 1.9 to 2.3; mean CNT diameters increased from 43.0 to 49.2 nm; and maximum CNT yield increased from 11.37% to 14.31%. Since both the CNT diameters and the percentage yield increased following the addition of polystyrene, we conclude that carbon from PS contributes to the carbon within the MWCNTs. The electrical contact resistance of acid-washed Bucky papers produced from each loading ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 Ohm, with no direct correlation to PS loading. Due to this narrow range, materials with different loadings were mixed to create the six wires of an Ethernet cable and tested using iPerf3; the cable achieved up- and down- link speeds of ~99.5 Mbps, i.e., comparable to Cu wire with the same dimensions (~99.5 Mbps). The lifecycle assessment (LCA) of CNT wire production was compared to copper wire production for a use case in a Boeing 747-400 over the lifespan of the aircraft. Due to their lightweight nature, the CNT wires decreased the CO footprint by 21 kTonnes (kTe) over the aircraft's lifespan. Journal Article Nanomaterials 12 1 9 MDPI AG 2079-4991 2079-4991 carbon nanotube; plastic; chemical recycling; life cycle assessment; ethernet; circular economy; data transmission; carbon footprint 21 12 2021 2021-12-21 10.3390/nano12010009 COLLEGE NANME Chemical Engineering COLLEGE CODE CHEG Swansea University A.O.W. is funded through Sêr Cymru II Fellowship by the Welsh Government and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). A.O.W. and T.Y. acknowledges funding from Welsh Government Circular Economy Capital Fund FY 2020-21. A.H. was funded by the Copper Nanotube Ultraconductive (UCC) wire project funded by Sêr Cymru National Research Network for Advanced Engineering and Materials (NRN) with contributions from E-Corp. G.S. received funding from Swansea Employability Academy (SEA) via the summer placements scheme. Thanks to funding by Welsh Government for Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships (KESS2), part funded by the Welsh Government’s European Social Fund (ESF) convergence programme for West Wales and the Valleys. L.P. and I.T. funded through KESS2 and TRIMTABS Ltd. J.S.-C. funded through KESS2 and Salts Healthcare Ltd. M.L.D and R.C. are grateful for the financial support of the EPSRC (EP/S001336/1) and for funding LCA software and database licenses. We would like to acknowledge the Life Cycle Analysis for Circular Economy (LCA4CE) Lab. J.S.-C. & V.S.G. funded thanks to Salts Healthcare Ltd. A.A. funded in part by the Swansea University Texas Strategic Partnership. The authors acknowledge access to the TEM provided by the Swansea University AIM Facility, funded in part by the EPSRC (EP/M028267/1), the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government (80708) and the Welsh Government’s Sêr Cymru program 2022-01-26T13:11:51.0748034 2022-01-26T13:03:42.1611840 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised Alvin Orbaek White 0000-0001-6338-5970 1 Ali Hedayati 2 Tim Yick 3 Varun Gangoli 0000-0001-5313-5839 4 Yubiao Niu 5 Sean Lethbridge 6 Ioannis Tsampanakis 7 Gemma Swan 8 Léo Pointeaux 9 Abigail Crane 10 Rhys G. Charles 0000-0003-1886-378X 11 Jainaba Sallah-Conteh 12 Andrew O. Anderson 13 Matthew Davies 0000-0003-2595-5121 14 Stuart Corr 15 Richard Palmer 0000-0001-8728-8083 16 59250__22226__5df13c8a33a64ba998090ee1901e2509.pdf 59250.pdf 2022-01-26T13:09:45.8695294 Output 3075810 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2021 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
spellingShingle On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
Alvin Orbaek White
Ali Hedayati
Tim Yick
Varun Gangoli
Yubiao Niu
Sean Lethbridge
Rhys G. Charles
Matthew Davies
Stuart Corr
Richard Palmer
title_short On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
title_full On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
title_fullStr On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
title_full_unstemmed On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
title_sort On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
author_id_str_mv 8414a23650d4403fdfe1a735dbd2e24e
6381ea6b4b9a83b0fa2969df2c83d94e
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author_id_fullname_str_mv 8414a23650d4403fdfe1a735dbd2e24e_***_Alvin Orbaek White
6381ea6b4b9a83b0fa2969df2c83d94e_***_Ali Hedayati
ccb07360981496ff88079701bd101801_***_Tim Yick
677b4758fd9d95755d516b096be7d396_***_Varun Gangoli
c403a40f2acf2dc32e37b4555d19b4c0_***_Yubiao Niu
bad972ff7c83554f30333029ea585fa2_***_Sean Lethbridge
1ff66fa61714afa2dd8bdae1769a5d21_***_Rhys G. Charles
4ad478e342120ca3434657eb13527636_***_Matthew Davies
c19c0e09cbb63e8e546a1a7e935b894c_***_Stuart Corr
6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519_***_Richard Palmer
author Alvin Orbaek White
Ali Hedayati
Tim Yick
Varun Gangoli
Yubiao Niu
Sean Lethbridge
Rhys G. Charles
Matthew Davies
Stuart Corr
Richard Palmer
author2 Alvin Orbaek White
Ali Hedayati
Tim Yick
Varun Gangoli
Yubiao Niu
Sean Lethbridge
Ioannis Tsampanakis
Gemma Swan
Léo Pointeaux
Abigail Crane
Rhys G. Charles
Jainaba Sallah-Conteh
Andrew O. Anderson
Matthew Davies
Stuart Corr
Richard Palmer
format Journal article
container_title Nanomaterials
container_volume 12
container_issue 1
container_start_page 9
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 2079-4991
2079-4991
doi_str_mv 10.3390/nano12010009
publisher MDPI AG
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description For every three people on the planet, there are approximately two Tonnes (Te) of plastic waste. We show that carbon recovery from polystyrene (PS) plastic is enhanced by the coaddition of solvents to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by liquid injection chemical vapour deposition. Polystyrene was loaded up to 4 wt% in toluene and heated to 780 °C in the presence of a ferrocene catalyst and a hydrogen/argon carrier gas at a 1:19 ratio. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The PS addition in the range from 0 to 4 wt% showed improved quality and CNT homogeneity; Raman "Graphitic/Defective" (G/D) values increased from 1.9 to 2.3; mean CNT diameters increased from 43.0 to 49.2 nm; and maximum CNT yield increased from 11.37% to 14.31%. Since both the CNT diameters and the percentage yield increased following the addition of polystyrene, we conclude that carbon from PS contributes to the carbon within the MWCNTs. The electrical contact resistance of acid-washed Bucky papers produced from each loading ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 Ohm, with no direct correlation to PS loading. Due to this narrow range, materials with different loadings were mixed to create the six wires of an Ethernet cable and tested using iPerf3; the cable achieved up- and down- link speeds of ~99.5 Mbps, i.e., comparable to Cu wire with the same dimensions (~99.5 Mbps). The lifecycle assessment (LCA) of CNT wire production was compared to copper wire production for a use case in a Boeing 747-400 over the lifespan of the aircraft. Due to their lightweight nature, the CNT wires decreased the CO footprint by 21 kTonnes (kTe) over the aircraft's lifespan.
published_date 2021-12-21T04:16:25Z
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score 11.013417

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