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The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales

Cathryn Knight Orcid Logo, Tom Crick Orcid Logo

PLOS ONE, Volume: 16, Issue: 8, Start page: e0256114

Swansea University Authors: Cathryn Knight Orcid Logo, Tom Crick Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pone.0256114

Abstract

The prevalence of dyslexia identification has increased significantly over the last two decades. Yet there is debate over whether there are distinct biological and cognitive differences between those with literacy difficulties and the subgroup of people identified as dyslexic. This is the first pape...

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ISSN: 1932-6203
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
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spelling 2022-01-10T14:51:49.1739543 v2 57486 2021-07-30 The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales e43d033fc7f2ccc9317c49df10b9b7bb 0000-0002-7574-3090 Cathryn Knight Cathryn Knight true false 200c66ef0fc55391f736f6e926fb4b99 0000-0001-5196-9389 Tom Crick Tom Crick true false 2021-07-30 EDUC The prevalence of dyslexia identification has increased significantly over the last two decades. Yet there is debate over whether there are distinct biological and cognitive differences between those with literacy difficulties and the subgroup of people identified as dyslexic. This is the first paper that provides evidence for this ongoing debate by investigating the socio-demographic factors, outside biology and cognition, that predict whether a child is identified as dyslexic in the UK. Using secondary data from the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study, this paper examines the socio-demographic factors that predict whether a child’s teacher identifies them as dyslexic at age 11. Gender, season of birth, socio-economic class and parental income are found to be significant predictors of the dyslexia label. Therefore, factors seemingly unrelated to the clinical aspects of dyslexia influence whether a child is identified as dyslexic in England and Wales. This suggests that label may not be evenly distributed across a population; furthermore, it may also indicate that resources for support may not be fairly allocated. The findings further support the argument that a 'dyslexic sub-group' within poor readers is created due to the impact of environmental factors. The results from this national-scale study thus questions the reliability, validity and moral integrity of the allocation of the dyslexia label across current education systems in the UK. Journal Article PLOS ONE 16 8 e0256114 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1932-6203 24 8 2021 2021-08-24 10.1371/journal.pone.0256114 COLLEGE NANME Education COLLEGE CODE EDUC Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) CK ES/J500197/1 Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) 2022-01-10T14:51:49.1739543 2021-07-30T17:19:37.4012509 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Social Sciences - Education and Childhood Studies Cathryn Knight 0000-0002-7574-3090 1 Tom Crick 0000-0001-5196-9389 2 57486__21013__9207e53f206a40b5b00c292139603e08.pdf 57486.pdf 2021-09-27T12:26:17.0541110 Output 514499 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2021 Knight, Crick. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 81 UK Data Service true http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5350-5 true 82 UK Data Service true http://doi.org/10. 5255/UKDA-SN-5795-5 true 83 UK Data Service true http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6411-8 true 84 UK Data Service true http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7464-5 true 85 UK Data Service true http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8156-7 true
title The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales
spellingShingle The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales
Cathryn Knight
Tom Crick
title_short The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales
title_full The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales
title_fullStr The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales
title_full_unstemmed The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales
title_sort The assignment and distribution of the dyslexia label: Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the socio-demographic predictors of the dyslexia label in England and Wales
author_id_str_mv e43d033fc7f2ccc9317c49df10b9b7bb
200c66ef0fc55391f736f6e926fb4b99
author_id_fullname_str_mv e43d033fc7f2ccc9317c49df10b9b7bb_***_Cathryn Knight
200c66ef0fc55391f736f6e926fb4b99_***_Tom Crick
author Cathryn Knight
Tom Crick
author2 Cathryn Knight
Tom Crick
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publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
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hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
department_str School of Social Sciences - Education and Childhood Studies{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Social Sciences - Education and Childhood Studies
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description The prevalence of dyslexia identification has increased significantly over the last two decades. Yet there is debate over whether there are distinct biological and cognitive differences between those with literacy difficulties and the subgroup of people identified as dyslexic. This is the first paper that provides evidence for this ongoing debate by investigating the socio-demographic factors, outside biology and cognition, that predict whether a child is identified as dyslexic in the UK. Using secondary data from the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study, this paper examines the socio-demographic factors that predict whether a child’s teacher identifies them as dyslexic at age 11. Gender, season of birth, socio-economic class and parental income are found to be significant predictors of the dyslexia label. Therefore, factors seemingly unrelated to the clinical aspects of dyslexia influence whether a child is identified as dyslexic in England and Wales. This suggests that label may not be evenly distributed across a population; furthermore, it may also indicate that resources for support may not be fairly allocated. The findings further support the argument that a 'dyslexic sub-group' within poor readers is created due to the impact of environmental factors. The results from this national-scale study thus questions the reliability, validity and moral integrity of the allocation of the dyslexia label across current education systems in the UK.
published_date 2021-08-24T04:13:16Z
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