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Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion

Nicholas Lavery Orcid Logo, John Cherry, Shahid Mehmood, Helen Davies Orcid Logo, B. Girling, Elizabeth Sackett Orcid Logo, Steve Brown, Johann Sienz Orcid Logo

Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume: 693, Pages: 186 - 213

Swansea University Authors: Nicholas Lavery Orcid Logo, John Cherry, Shahid Mehmood, Helen Davies Orcid Logo, Elizabeth Sackett Orcid Logo, Steve Brown, Johann Sienz Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.100

Abstract

The microstructure and mechanical properties of 316 L steel have been examined for parts built by a powder bed laser fusion process, which uses a laser to melt and build parts additively on a layer by layer basis.Relative density and porosity determined using various experimental techniques were cor...

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Published in: Materials Science and Engineering: A
ISSN: 0921-5093
Published: 2017
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa30238
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Based on porosity sizes, morphology and distributions, the porosity was seen to transition between an irregular, highly directional porosity at the low laser energy density and a smaller, more rounded and randomly distributed porosity at higher laser energy density, thought to be caused by keyhole melting. In both cases, the porosity was reduced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP).High throughput ultrasound based measurements were used to calculate elasticity properties and show that the lower porosities from builds with higher energy densities have higher elasticity moduli in accordance with empirical relationships, and hot isostatic pressing improves the elasticity properties to levels associated with wrought/rolled 316 L. However, even with hot isostatic pressing the best properties were obtained from samples with the lowest porosity in the as-built condition.A finite element stress analysis based on the porosity microstructures was undertaken, to understand the effect of pore size distributions and morphology on the Young's modulus. Over 1&#x2013;5% porosity range angular porosity was found to reduce the Young's modulus by 5% more than rounded porosity. Experimentally measured Young's moduli for samples treated by HIP were closer to the rounded trends than the as-built samples, which were closer to angular trends.Tensile tests on specimens produced at optimised machine parameters displayed a high degree of anisotropy in the build direction and test variability for as-built parts, especially between vertical and horizontal build directions. The as-built properties were generally found to have a higher yield stress, but lower upper tensile strength and elongation than published data for wrought/hot-rolled plate 316 L. The hot isostatically pressed parts showed a homogenisation of the properties across build directions and properties much more akin to those of wrought/hot-rolled 316 L, with an increase in elongation and upper tensile strength, and a reduction in yield over the as-built samples.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Materials Science and Engineering: A</journal><volume>693</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>186</paginationStart><paginationEnd>213</paginationEnd><publisher/><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0921-5093</issnPrint><issnElectronic/><keywords>Powder Bed Laser Fusion; 316L steel; Porosity; Hot Isostatic Pressing; Tensile; Ultrasound Measurements of Elasticity; Finite Element Analysis</keywords><publishedDay>2</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2017</publishedYear><publishedDate>2017-05-02</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.100</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Mechanical Engineering</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MECH</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><lastEdited>2021-01-14T12:58:30.6184161</lastEdited><Created>2016-09-27T18:24:32.8553595</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Nicholas</firstname><surname>Lavery</surname><orcid>0000-0003-0953-5936</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>John</firstname><surname>Cherry</surname><orcid/><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Shahid</firstname><surname>Mehmood</surname><orcid/><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Helen</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><orcid>0000-0003-4838-9572</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>B.</firstname><surname>Girling</surname><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Elizabeth</firstname><surname>Sackett</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5975-6967</orcid><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Steve</firstname><surname>Brown</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Johann</firstname><surname>Sienz</surname><orcid>0000-0003-3136-5718</orcid><order>8</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>0030238-28032017162818.pdf</filename><originalFilename>lavery2017(2)v2.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2017-03-28T16:28:18.5630000</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>7236131</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Accepted Manuscript</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><embargoDate>2018-03-28T00:00:00.0000000</embargoDate><documentNotes>Released under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC-BY-NC-ND).</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2021-01-14T12:58:30.6184161 v2 30238 2016-09-27 Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion 9f102ff59824fd4f7ce3d40144304395 0000-0003-0953-5936 Nicholas Lavery Nicholas Lavery true false a36969bb12760a829e3e40183cbe861b John Cherry John Cherry true false a952f8c37ec0a69bcaea2eab78f2303e Shahid Mehmood Shahid Mehmood true false a5277aa17f0f10a481da9e9751ccaeef 0000-0003-4838-9572 Helen Davies Helen Davies true false 55d1695a53656de6b0bdfa4c08d8bcd4 0000-0002-5975-6967 Elizabeth Sackett Elizabeth Sackett true false 07a865adc76376646bc6c03a69ce35a9 Steve Brown Steve Brown true false 17bf1dd287bff2cb01b53d98ceb28a31 0000-0003-3136-5718 Johann Sienz Johann Sienz true false 2016-09-27 MECH The microstructure and mechanical properties of 316 L steel have been examined for parts built by a powder bed laser fusion process, which uses a laser to melt and build parts additively on a layer by layer basis.Relative density and porosity determined using various experimental techniques were correlated against laser energy density. Based on porosity sizes, morphology and distributions, the porosity was seen to transition between an irregular, highly directional porosity at the low laser energy density and a smaller, more rounded and randomly distributed porosity at higher laser energy density, thought to be caused by keyhole melting. In both cases, the porosity was reduced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP).High throughput ultrasound based measurements were used to calculate elasticity properties and show that the lower porosities from builds with higher energy densities have higher elasticity moduli in accordance with empirical relationships, and hot isostatic pressing improves the elasticity properties to levels associated with wrought/rolled 316 L. However, even with hot isostatic pressing the best properties were obtained from samples with the lowest porosity in the as-built condition.A finite element stress analysis based on the porosity microstructures was undertaken, to understand the effect of pore size distributions and morphology on the Young's modulus. Over 1–5% porosity range angular porosity was found to reduce the Young's modulus by 5% more than rounded porosity. Experimentally measured Young's moduli for samples treated by HIP were closer to the rounded trends than the as-built samples, which were closer to angular trends.Tensile tests on specimens produced at optimised machine parameters displayed a high degree of anisotropy in the build direction and test variability for as-built parts, especially between vertical and horizontal build directions. The as-built properties were generally found to have a higher yield stress, but lower upper tensile strength and elongation than published data for wrought/hot-rolled plate 316 L. The hot isostatically pressed parts showed a homogenisation of the properties across build directions and properties much more akin to those of wrought/hot-rolled 316 L, with an increase in elongation and upper tensile strength, and a reduction in yield over the as-built samples. Journal Article Materials Science and Engineering: A 693 186 213 0921-5093 Powder Bed Laser Fusion; 316L steel; Porosity; Hot Isostatic Pressing; Tensile; Ultrasound Measurements of Elasticity; Finite Element Analysis 2 5 2017 2017-05-02 10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.100 COLLEGE NANME Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE MECH Swansea University 2021-01-14T12:58:30.6184161 2016-09-27T18:24:32.8553595 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised Nicholas Lavery 0000-0003-0953-5936 1 John Cherry 2 Shahid Mehmood 3 Helen Davies 0000-0003-4838-9572 4 B. Girling 5 Elizabeth Sackett 0000-0002-5975-6967 6 Steve Brown 7 Johann Sienz 0000-0003-3136-5718 8 0030238-28032017162818.pdf lavery2017(2)v2.pdf 2017-03-28T16:28:18.5630000 Output 7236131 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true 2018-03-28T00:00:00.0000000 Released under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC-BY-NC-ND). true eng
title Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion
spellingShingle Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion
Nicholas Lavery
John Cherry
Shahid Mehmood
Helen Davies
Elizabeth Sackett
Steve Brown
Johann Sienz
title_short Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion
title_full Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion
title_fullStr Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion
title_full_unstemmed Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion
title_sort Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion
author_id_str_mv 9f102ff59824fd4f7ce3d40144304395
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author_id_fullname_str_mv 9f102ff59824fd4f7ce3d40144304395_***_Nicholas Lavery
a36969bb12760a829e3e40183cbe861b_***_John Cherry
a952f8c37ec0a69bcaea2eab78f2303e_***_Shahid Mehmood
a5277aa17f0f10a481da9e9751ccaeef_***_Helen Davies
55d1695a53656de6b0bdfa4c08d8bcd4_***_Elizabeth Sackett
07a865adc76376646bc6c03a69ce35a9_***_Steve Brown
17bf1dd287bff2cb01b53d98ceb28a31_***_Johann Sienz
author Nicholas Lavery
John Cherry
Shahid Mehmood
Helen Davies
Elizabeth Sackett
Steve Brown
Johann Sienz
author2 Nicholas Lavery
John Cherry
Shahid Mehmood
Helen Davies
B. Girling
Elizabeth Sackett
Steve Brown
Johann Sienz
format Journal article
container_title Materials Science and Engineering: A
container_volume 693
container_start_page 186
publishDate 2017
institution Swansea University
issn 0921-5093
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.100
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description The microstructure and mechanical properties of 316 L steel have been examined for parts built by a powder bed laser fusion process, which uses a laser to melt and build parts additively on a layer by layer basis.Relative density and porosity determined using various experimental techniques were correlated against laser energy density. Based on porosity sizes, morphology and distributions, the porosity was seen to transition between an irregular, highly directional porosity at the low laser energy density and a smaller, more rounded and randomly distributed porosity at higher laser energy density, thought to be caused by keyhole melting. In both cases, the porosity was reduced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP).High throughput ultrasound based measurements were used to calculate elasticity properties and show that the lower porosities from builds with higher energy densities have higher elasticity moduli in accordance with empirical relationships, and hot isostatic pressing improves the elasticity properties to levels associated with wrought/rolled 316 L. However, even with hot isostatic pressing the best properties were obtained from samples with the lowest porosity in the as-built condition.A finite element stress analysis based on the porosity microstructures was undertaken, to understand the effect of pore size distributions and morphology on the Young's modulus. Over 1–5% porosity range angular porosity was found to reduce the Young's modulus by 5% more than rounded porosity. Experimentally measured Young's moduli for samples treated by HIP were closer to the rounded trends than the as-built samples, which were closer to angular trends.Tensile tests on specimens produced at optimised machine parameters displayed a high degree of anisotropy in the build direction and test variability for as-built parts, especially between vertical and horizontal build directions. The as-built properties were generally found to have a higher yield stress, but lower upper tensile strength and elongation than published data for wrought/hot-rolled plate 316 L. The hot isostatically pressed parts showed a homogenisation of the properties across build directions and properties much more akin to those of wrought/hot-rolled 316 L, with an increase in elongation and upper tensile strength, and a reduction in yield over the as-built samples.
published_date 2017-05-02T03:36:53Z
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score 11.037056

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