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Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region

Nicola Firman, Laura North, Milena Marszalek Orcid Logo, Marta Wilk Orcid Logo, Ana Gutierrez Orcid Logo, Rhodri Johnson Orcid Logo, Carol Dezateux Orcid Logo

International Journal of Population Data Science, Volume: 11, Issue: 1

Swansea University Authors: Laura North, Rhodri Johnson Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.23889/ijpds.v11i1.2963

Abstract

Background: Residential mobility in early life may disrupt access to health care. We examined associations between residential mobility in the first two years of life and receipt of first measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination by 24 months of age. Methods: We analysed electronic health records...

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Published in: International Journal of Population Data Science
ISSN: 2399-4908
Published: Swansea University 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa72069
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We examined associations between residential mobility in the first two years of life and receipt of first measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination by 24 months of age. Methods: We analysed electronic health records for children born between 01/01/2014 and 30/10/2019 and registered with primary care general practices (GPs) in north-east London (NEL). Primary outcome was receipt of first MMR vaccination between 12 and 24 months of age and residential mobility was defined by number of GP-recorded addresses by vaccination date or 24 months of age. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of receipt of MMR vaccination by residential mobility, adjusting for sex, ethnicity, number of children in the household, household composition, area-level deprivation, and local government area of residence. Results: We included 150,949 children (51.0% boys) of whom 127,958 (84.8%) had received a first MMR vaccination and 22.3% had more than one GP-recorded address. Compared to children with one GP-recorded address, children with multiple GP-recorded addresses were at higher risk of not receiving their first MMR vaccination by 24 months of age. Those with two GP-recorded addresses had a 54% increased likelihood (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.44,0.48), and those with three or more GP-recorded addresses a 68% increased likelihood (0.32; 95% CI: 0.29,0.36), compared to those with one. Conclusions: Children who change address in early life are less likely to be protected against measles and other infections. 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spelling v2 72069 2026-06-12 Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region a255822cf77a0184cb6922e9fbea39e9 Laura North Laura North true false 5f97fd65ef8cf66db750f645f115454c 0000-0001-9636-0753 Rhodri Johnson Rhodri Johnson true false 2026-06-12 MEDS Background: Residential mobility in early life may disrupt access to health care. We examined associations between residential mobility in the first two years of life and receipt of first measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination by 24 months of age. Methods: We analysed electronic health records for children born between 01/01/2014 and 30/10/2019 and registered with primary care general practices (GPs) in north-east London (NEL). Primary outcome was receipt of first MMR vaccination between 12 and 24 months of age and residential mobility was defined by number of GP-recorded addresses by vaccination date or 24 months of age. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of receipt of MMR vaccination by residential mobility, adjusting for sex, ethnicity, number of children in the household, household composition, area-level deprivation, and local government area of residence. Results: We included 150,949 children (51.0% boys) of whom 127,958 (84.8%) had received a first MMR vaccination and 22.3% had more than one GP-recorded address. Compared to children with one GP-recorded address, children with multiple GP-recorded addresses were at higher risk of not receiving their first MMR vaccination by 24 months of age. Those with two GP-recorded addresses had a 54% increased likelihood (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.44,0.48), and those with three or more GP-recorded addresses a 68% increased likelihood (0.32; 95% CI: 0.29,0.36), compared to those with one. Conclusions: Children who change address in early life are less likely to be protected against measles and other infections. Measles outbreaks in the UK have been in urban areas with high residential mobility and low MMR vaccine uptake suggesting the need for review of the immunisation status of children newly registered with GPs. Journal Article International Journal of Population Data Science 11 1 Swansea University 2399-4908 MMR, vaccination, children, residential mobility, electronic health records 25 3 2026 2026-03-25 10.23889/ijpds.v11i1.2963 COLLEGE NANME Medical School COLLEGE CODE MEDS Swansea University External research funder(s) paid the OA fee (includes OA grants disbursed by the Library) NF was supported by the Research EnAbled Learning (REAL) Child Health programme grant from Barts Charity ref: MGU0419 and ADR UK (Administrative Data Research UK), an Economic and Social Research Council investment (part of UK Research and Innovation) [Grant number: ES/X00046X/1]. 2026-06-12T10:54:36.7046029 2026-06-12T10:47:59.4997712 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science Nicola Firman 1 Laura North 2 Milena Marszalek 0000-0001-5825-0609 3 Marta Wilk 0009-0007-5925-3511 4 Ana Gutierrez 0009-0002-6934-8016 5 Rhodri Johnson 0000-0001-9636-0753 6 Carol Dezateux 0000-0001-9787-6276 7 72069__36952__4541e27c86734b1294e8294478eec0d5.pdf 72069.VoR.pdf 2026-06-12T10:53:26.1116113 Output 2953984 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Authors. Open Access under CC BY 4.0. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
title Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region
spellingShingle Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region
Laura North
Rhodri Johnson
title_short Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region
title_full Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region
title_fullStr Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region
title_full_unstemmed Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region
title_sort Residential mobility and receipt of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: analysis of linked primary care electronic health records in a London region
author_id_str_mv a255822cf77a0184cb6922e9fbea39e9
5f97fd65ef8cf66db750f645f115454c
author_id_fullname_str_mv a255822cf77a0184cb6922e9fbea39e9_***_Laura North
5f97fd65ef8cf66db750f645f115454c_***_Rhodri Johnson
author Laura North
Rhodri Johnson
author2 Nicola Firman
Laura North
Milena Marszalek
Marta Wilk
Ana Gutierrez
Rhodri Johnson
Carol Dezateux
format Journal article
container_title International Journal of Population Data Science
container_volume 11
container_issue 1
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 2399-4908
doi_str_mv 10.23889/ijpds.v11i1.2963
publisher Swansea University
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Background: Residential mobility in early life may disrupt access to health care. We examined associations between residential mobility in the first two years of life and receipt of first measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination by 24 months of age. Methods: We analysed electronic health records for children born between 01/01/2014 and 30/10/2019 and registered with primary care general practices (GPs) in north-east London (NEL). Primary outcome was receipt of first MMR vaccination between 12 and 24 months of age and residential mobility was defined by number of GP-recorded addresses by vaccination date or 24 months of age. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of receipt of MMR vaccination by residential mobility, adjusting for sex, ethnicity, number of children in the household, household composition, area-level deprivation, and local government area of residence. Results: We included 150,949 children (51.0% boys) of whom 127,958 (84.8%) had received a first MMR vaccination and 22.3% had more than one GP-recorded address. Compared to children with one GP-recorded address, children with multiple GP-recorded addresses were at higher risk of not receiving their first MMR vaccination by 24 months of age. Those with two GP-recorded addresses had a 54% increased likelihood (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.44,0.48), and those with three or more GP-recorded addresses a 68% increased likelihood (0.32; 95% CI: 0.29,0.36), compared to those with one. Conclusions: Children who change address in early life are less likely to be protected against measles and other infections. Measles outbreaks in the UK have been in urban areas with high residential mobility and low MMR vaccine uptake suggesting the need for review of the immunisation status of children newly registered with GPs.
published_date 2026-03-25T10:54:38Z
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