No Cover Image

Journal article 55 views 23 downloads

Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries

Darren M. C. Ould Orcid Logo, James M. Courtney, Kyle G. Pearce Orcid Logo, Daniel Curtis Orcid Logo, Marcin Orzech Orcid Logo, Sajad Kiani Orcid Logo, Brent de Boode, Serena Margadonna Orcid Logo

Energy Advances

Swansea University Authors: Daniel Curtis Orcid Logo, Marcin Orzech Orcid Logo, Sajad Kiani Orcid Logo, Serena Margadonna Orcid Logo

  • 71960.VoR.pdf

    PDF | Version of Record

    This article is licensed under a e Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported licence.

    Download (2.64MB)

Check full text

DOI (Published version): 10.1039/d5ya00361j

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries are a promising emerging technology due to the low cost and wide abundance of sodium, but commonly use fluorine-containing electrolyte salts, such as sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), which pose safety and toxicity concerns (e.g. HF formation). This work investigates using sod...

Full description

Published in: Energy Advances
ISSN: 2753-1457
Published: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2026
Online Access: Check full text

URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71960
first_indexed 2026-05-20T16:01:47Z
last_indexed 2026-05-22T20:28:54Z
id cronfa71960
recordtype SURis
fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2026-05-20T17:16:10.7105781</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>71960</id><entry>2026-05-20</entry><title>Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>e76ff28a23af2fe37099c4e9a24c1e58</sid><ORCID>0000-0002-6955-0524</ORCID><firstname>Daniel</firstname><surname>Curtis</surname><name>Daniel Curtis</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>d47b0185188280619c0d61f40ea98a9a</sid><ORCID>0000-0002-1086-4481</ORCID><firstname>Marcin</firstname><surname>Orzech</surname><name>Marcin Orzech</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>fe9ec46699e095368faf2a0465b598c5</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-1609-6855</ORCID><firstname>Sajad</firstname><surname>Kiani</surname><name>Sajad Kiani</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>e31904a10b1b1240b98ab52d9977dfbe</sid><ORCID>0000-0002-6996-6562</ORCID><firstname>Serena</firstname><surname>Margadonna</surname><name>Serena Margadonna</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2026-05-20</date><deptcode>EAAS</deptcode><abstract>Sodium-ion batteries are a promising emerging technology due to the low cost and wide abundance of sodium, but commonly use fluorine-containing electrolyte salts, such as sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), which pose safety and toxicity concerns (e.g. HF formation). This work investigates using sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4) as a non-fluorinated electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy studies revealed NaBPh4 has excellent stability towards atmospheric air and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed this salt has good thermal stability, providing convenient handling, transport and storage. Bulk conductivity measurements using NaBPh4 in ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC 1&#x2006;:&#x2006;1 v/v) at different concentrations found 0.5 M NaBPh4 gave the highest conductivity. Battery cycling in coin cells using a Prussian white (Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6]) cathode and hard carbon anode with an upper cut-off voltage of 3.6 V showed poor capacity retention, however, lowering the upper voltage limit to 3.0 V gave stable cycling, albeit at lower capacity. Solution-state NMR spectroscopy studies on the post-cycled electrolyte found degradation of NaBPh4 occurs during cycling, with triphenylborane and biphenyl hypothesised as likely electrochemical oxidation products.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Energy Advances</journal><volume>0</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>2753-1457</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>4</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2026</publishedYear><publishedDate>2026-05-04</publishedDate><doi>10.1039/d5ya00361j</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Engineering and Applied Sciences School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>EAAS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>SM acknowledges support from the Royal Society through an Industry Fellowship (IF\R2\23200112). DMCO and SM also acknowledge funding from the Faraday Institution through the Industry SPRINT programme (grant number FIRG074) and Batri Ltd for supply of hard carbon.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2026-05-20T17:16:10.7105781</lastEdited><Created>2026-05-20T17:01:28.5285198</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Darren M. C.</firstname><surname>Ould</surname><orcid>0009-0000-1753-0882</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>James M.</firstname><surname>Courtney</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Kyle G.</firstname><surname>Pearce</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1886-4483</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Daniel</firstname><surname>Curtis</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6955-0524</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Marcin</firstname><surname>Orzech</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1086-4481</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Sajad</firstname><surname>Kiani</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1609-6855</orcid><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Brent de</firstname><surname>Boode</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Serena</firstname><surname>Margadonna</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6996-6562</orcid><order>8</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>71960__36801__20796ea8d5ba4b9e8d8a0d2556385955.pdf</filename><originalFilename>71960.VoR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2026-05-20T17:04:48.4027371</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>2763213</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>This article is licensed under a e Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported licence.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2026-05-20T17:16:10.7105781 v2 71960 2026-05-20 Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries e76ff28a23af2fe37099c4e9a24c1e58 0000-0002-6955-0524 Daniel Curtis Daniel Curtis true false d47b0185188280619c0d61f40ea98a9a 0000-0002-1086-4481 Marcin Orzech Marcin Orzech true false fe9ec46699e095368faf2a0465b598c5 0000-0003-1609-6855 Sajad Kiani Sajad Kiani true false e31904a10b1b1240b98ab52d9977dfbe 0000-0002-6996-6562 Serena Margadonna Serena Margadonna true false 2026-05-20 EAAS Sodium-ion batteries are a promising emerging technology due to the low cost and wide abundance of sodium, but commonly use fluorine-containing electrolyte salts, such as sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), which pose safety and toxicity concerns (e.g. HF formation). This work investigates using sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4) as a non-fluorinated electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy studies revealed NaBPh4 has excellent stability towards atmospheric air and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed this salt has good thermal stability, providing convenient handling, transport and storage. Bulk conductivity measurements using NaBPh4 in ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC 1 : 1 v/v) at different concentrations found 0.5 M NaBPh4 gave the highest conductivity. Battery cycling in coin cells using a Prussian white (Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6]) cathode and hard carbon anode with an upper cut-off voltage of 3.6 V showed poor capacity retention, however, lowering the upper voltage limit to 3.0 V gave stable cycling, albeit at lower capacity. Solution-state NMR spectroscopy studies on the post-cycled electrolyte found degradation of NaBPh4 occurs during cycling, with triphenylborane and biphenyl hypothesised as likely electrochemical oxidation products. Journal Article Energy Advances 0 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2753-1457 4 5 2026 2026-05-04 10.1039/d5ya00361j COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University SM acknowledges support from the Royal Society through an Industry Fellowship (IF\R2\23200112). DMCO and SM also acknowledge funding from the Faraday Institution through the Industry SPRINT programme (grant number FIRG074) and Batri Ltd for supply of hard carbon. 2026-05-20T17:16:10.7105781 2026-05-20T17:01:28.5285198 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering Darren M. C. Ould 0009-0000-1753-0882 1 James M. Courtney 2 Kyle G. Pearce 0000-0003-1886-4483 3 Daniel Curtis 0000-0002-6955-0524 4 Marcin Orzech 0000-0002-1086-4481 5 Sajad Kiani 0000-0003-1609-6855 6 Brent de Boode 7 Serena Margadonna 0000-0002-6996-6562 8 71960__36801__20796ea8d5ba4b9e8d8a0d2556385955.pdf 71960.VoR.pdf 2026-05-20T17:04:48.4027371 Output 2763213 application/pdf Version of Record true This article is licensed under a e Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported licence. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
title Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries
spellingShingle Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries
Daniel Curtis
Marcin Orzech
Sajad Kiani
Serena Margadonna
title_short Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries
title_full Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries
title_fullStr Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries
title_full_unstemmed Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries
title_sort Sodium tetraphenylborate: a fluorine-free electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries
author_id_str_mv e76ff28a23af2fe37099c4e9a24c1e58
d47b0185188280619c0d61f40ea98a9a
fe9ec46699e095368faf2a0465b598c5
e31904a10b1b1240b98ab52d9977dfbe
author_id_fullname_str_mv e76ff28a23af2fe37099c4e9a24c1e58_***_Daniel Curtis
d47b0185188280619c0d61f40ea98a9a_***_Marcin Orzech
fe9ec46699e095368faf2a0465b598c5_***_Sajad Kiani
e31904a10b1b1240b98ab52d9977dfbe_***_Serena Margadonna
author Daniel Curtis
Marcin Orzech
Sajad Kiani
Serena Margadonna
author2 Darren M. C. Ould
James M. Courtney
Kyle G. Pearce
Daniel Curtis
Marcin Orzech
Sajad Kiani
Brent de Boode
Serena Margadonna
format Journal article
container_title Energy Advances
container_volume 0
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 2753-1457
doi_str_mv 10.1039/d5ya00361j
publisher Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Sodium-ion batteries are a promising emerging technology due to the low cost and wide abundance of sodium, but commonly use fluorine-containing electrolyte salts, such as sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), which pose safety and toxicity concerns (e.g. HF formation). This work investigates using sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4) as a non-fluorinated electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy studies revealed NaBPh4 has excellent stability towards atmospheric air and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed this salt has good thermal stability, providing convenient handling, transport and storage. Bulk conductivity measurements using NaBPh4 in ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC 1 : 1 v/v) at different concentrations found 0.5 M NaBPh4 gave the highest conductivity. Battery cycling in coin cells using a Prussian white (Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6]) cathode and hard carbon anode with an upper cut-off voltage of 3.6 V showed poor capacity retention, however, lowering the upper voltage limit to 3.0 V gave stable cycling, albeit at lower capacity. Solution-state NMR spectroscopy studies on the post-cycled electrolyte found degradation of NaBPh4 occurs during cycling, with triphenylborane and biphenyl hypothesised as likely electrochemical oxidation products.
published_date 2026-05-04T17:20:54Z
_version_ 1866631012316872704
score 11.106612

Similar Items