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Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)

Claire K. Yung Orcid Logo, Xylar S. Asay-Davis Orcid Logo, Alistair Adcroft, Christopher Y. S. Bull, Jan De Rydt Orcid Logo, Michael S. Dinniman Orcid Logo, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi Orcid Logo, Daniel Goldberg Orcid Logo, David E. Gwyther Orcid Logo, Robert Hallberg, Matthew Harrison Orcid Logo, Tore Hattermann Orcid Logo, David M. Holland, Denise Holland, Paul R. Holland, Jim Jordan Orcid Logo, Nicolas C. Jourdain Orcid Logo, Kazuya Kusahara Orcid Logo, Gustavo Marques Orcid Logo, Pierre Mathiot, Dimitris Menemenlis, Adele K. Morrison, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Olga Sergienko Orcid Logo, Robin S. Smith Orcid Logo, Alon Stern, Ralph Timmermann, Qin Zhou Orcid Logo

The Cryosphere, Volume: 20, Issue: 4, Pages: 2053 - 2088

Swansea University Author: Jim Jordan Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.5194/tc-20-2053-2026

Abstract

Ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves plays an important role in the mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Ice shelf cavity-resolving ocean models are a valuable tool for understanding ice shelf-ocean interactions and for simulating projections of ice shelf and ocean states under futur...

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Published in: The Cryosphere
ISSN: 1994-0424
Published: Copernicus GmbH 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71766
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Designed to assess the current state of ice shelf–ocean modelling, the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, ISOMIP+, consists of 12 ocean model configurations submitted with a common, idealised experimental setup. Here, we focus on the experiments Ocean0–2 (Asay-Davis et al., 2016), which are ocean models with idealised, static ice shelf geometries, but where the ocean reaches a balance with prescribed far-field ocean conditions. Different thermal transfer coefficient values (ranging from 0.011 to 0.2) are used for each model in the melting parameterisation to achieve a common, tuned melt rate since the models cover a range of types of vertical coordinates, ice–ocean boundary layer treatments, and numerical schemes. These model differences lead to spread in the resultant ocean properties, circulation, boundary-layer structure and spatial distribution of melting. We also highlight similarities between models, such as a shared linear relationship across most models between melt rate and overturning and barotropic streamfunctions during the spin-up and spin-down, demonstrating a robust relationship between melt and circulation across models and forcing conditions. The ISOMIP+ results provide a systematic comparison of ice shelf cavity-capable ocean models. However, we also demonstrate the need for realistic ice shelf–ocean model intercomparison projects (some already underway) to assess model biases and inter-model variation against sparse observations. 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spelling v2 71766 2026-04-20 Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+) 6f28f48bfe39cb898ba51e3114889cbe 0000-0001-8117-1976 Jim Jordan Jim Jordan true false 2026-04-20 BGPS Ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves plays an important role in the mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Ice shelf cavity-resolving ocean models are a valuable tool for understanding ice shelf-ocean interactions and for simulating projections of ice shelf and ocean states under future climate. Designed to assess the current state of ice shelf–ocean modelling, the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, ISOMIP+, consists of 12 ocean model configurations submitted with a common, idealised experimental setup. Here, we focus on the experiments Ocean0–2 (Asay-Davis et al., 2016), which are ocean models with idealised, static ice shelf geometries, but where the ocean reaches a balance with prescribed far-field ocean conditions. Different thermal transfer coefficient values (ranging from 0.011 to 0.2) are used for each model in the melting parameterisation to achieve a common, tuned melt rate since the models cover a range of types of vertical coordinates, ice–ocean boundary layer treatments, and numerical schemes. These model differences lead to spread in the resultant ocean properties, circulation, boundary-layer structure and spatial distribution of melting. We also highlight similarities between models, such as a shared linear relationship across most models between melt rate and overturning and barotropic streamfunctions during the spin-up and spin-down, demonstrating a robust relationship between melt and circulation across models and forcing conditions. The ISOMIP+ results provide a systematic comparison of ice shelf cavity-capable ocean models. However, we also demonstrate the need for realistic ice shelf–ocean model intercomparison projects (some already underway) to assess model biases and inter-model variation against sparse observations. Further research is needed to understand the differences between models and further improve our modelled representations of the ice–ocean boundary layer and ice shelf cavity circulation. Journal Article The Cryosphere 20 4 2053 2088 Copernicus GmbH 1994-0424 13 4 2026 2026-04-13 10.5194/tc-20-2053-2026 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2053-2026 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee 2026-04-20T12:15:23.8433874 2026-04-20T12:07:40.8302507 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography Claire K. Yung 0000-0002-0052-7668 1 Xylar S. Asay-Davis 0000-0002-1990-892x 2 Alistair Adcroft 3 Christopher Y. S. Bull 4 Jan De Rydt 0000-0002-2978-8706 5 Michael S. Dinniman 0000-0001-7519-9278 6 Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi 0000-0003-1404-4103 7 Daniel Goldberg 0000-0001-9130-4461 8 David E. Gwyther 0000-0002-7218-2785 9 Robert Hallberg 10 Matthew Harrison 0000-0001-7991-454x 11 Tore Hattermann 0000-0002-5538-2267 12 David M. Holland 13 Denise Holland 14 Paul R. Holland 15 Jim Jordan 0000-0001-8117-1976 16 Nicolas C. Jourdain 0000-0002-1372-2235 17 Kazuya Kusahara 0000-0003-4067-7959 18 Gustavo Marques 0000-0001-7238-0290 19 Pierre Mathiot 20 Dimitris Menemenlis 21 Adele K. Morrison 22 Yoshihiro Nakayama 23 Olga Sergienko 0000-0002-5764-8815 24 Robin S. Smith 0000-0001-7479-7778 25 Alon Stern 26 Ralph Timmermann 27 Qin Zhou 0009-0002-1340-9625 28
title Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)
spellingShingle Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)
Jim Jordan
title_short Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)
title_full Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)
title_fullStr Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)
title_full_unstemmed Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)
title_sort Results of the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+)
author_id_str_mv 6f28f48bfe39cb898ba51e3114889cbe
author_id_fullname_str_mv 6f28f48bfe39cb898ba51e3114889cbe_***_Jim Jordan
author Jim Jordan
author2 Claire K. Yung
Xylar S. Asay-Davis
Alistair Adcroft
Christopher Y. S. Bull
Jan De Rydt
Michael S. Dinniman
Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi
Daniel Goldberg
David E. Gwyther
Robert Hallberg
Matthew Harrison
Tore Hattermann
David M. Holland
Denise Holland
Paul R. Holland
Jim Jordan
Nicolas C. Jourdain
Kazuya Kusahara
Gustavo Marques
Pierre Mathiot
Dimitris Menemenlis
Adele K. Morrison
Yoshihiro Nakayama
Olga Sergienko
Robin S. Smith
Alon Stern
Ralph Timmermann
Qin Zhou
format Journal article
container_title The Cryosphere
container_volume 20
container_issue 4
container_start_page 2053
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 1994-0424
doi_str_mv 10.5194/tc-20-2053-2026
publisher Copernicus GmbH
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography
url https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2053-2026
document_store_str 0
active_str 0
description Ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves plays an important role in the mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Ice shelf cavity-resolving ocean models are a valuable tool for understanding ice shelf-ocean interactions and for simulating projections of ice shelf and ocean states under future climate. Designed to assess the current state of ice shelf–ocean modelling, the second Ice Shelf–Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, ISOMIP+, consists of 12 ocean model configurations submitted with a common, idealised experimental setup. Here, we focus on the experiments Ocean0–2 (Asay-Davis et al., 2016), which are ocean models with idealised, static ice shelf geometries, but where the ocean reaches a balance with prescribed far-field ocean conditions. Different thermal transfer coefficient values (ranging from 0.011 to 0.2) are used for each model in the melting parameterisation to achieve a common, tuned melt rate since the models cover a range of types of vertical coordinates, ice–ocean boundary layer treatments, and numerical schemes. These model differences lead to spread in the resultant ocean properties, circulation, boundary-layer structure and spatial distribution of melting. We also highlight similarities between models, such as a shared linear relationship across most models between melt rate and overturning and barotropic streamfunctions during the spin-up and spin-down, demonstrating a robust relationship between melt and circulation across models and forcing conditions. The ISOMIP+ results provide a systematic comparison of ice shelf cavity-capable ocean models. However, we also demonstrate the need for realistic ice shelf–ocean model intercomparison projects (some already underway) to assess model biases and inter-model variation against sparse observations. Further research is needed to understand the differences between models and further improve our modelled representations of the ice–ocean boundary layer and ice shelf cavity circulation.
published_date 2026-04-13T12:15:25Z
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score 11.102646

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