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Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements

Andres Silva-Balaguera, Jose L. Concha, Manuel Chavez-Delgado, Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda, Richard Johnston, Jose Norambuena-Contreras Orcid Logo

Materials and Structures, Volume: 59, Issue: 2

Swansea University Author: Jose Norambuena-Contreras Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1617/s11527-026-02957-1

Abstract

This paper evaluates the effect of adding Blast Furnace Dust (BFD), a by-product of the steel industry, on the multifunctional performance of porous asphalt mixtures designed for self-healing permeable pavements. Porous mixtures were prepared with six different BFD percentages (i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%,...

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Published in: Materials and Structures
ISSN: 1359-5997 1871-6873
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71554
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Porous mixtures were prepared with six different BFD percentages (i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% by weight), as substitutes for fine aggregate. The physical, mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, thermal, and self-healing properties of the porous asphalt mixtures were subsequently evaluated. The effect of the chemical, mineralogical, and physical properties of both the aggregate and BFD on microwave heating and healing efficiency was also examined. The healing capability of the mixtures was quantified by measuring the three-point bending strength of specimens before and after microwave-induced healing. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was also employed on core samples to assess the distribution of BFD and the internal porosity. Results showed that the lower density of BFD reduced air void content when used as a fine aggregate replacement. At 4% BFD, hydraulic permeability approached that of the reference mixture, due to its good void distribution and connectivity, as evidenced by µCT reconstruction analysis. Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were unaffected by BFD incorporation. Mechanical properties and durability improved under both dry and wet conditions, while energy efficiency during microwave exposure also increased. The highest heating rates were observed in BFD and fine aggregate components. Healing indices generally decreased from the third cycle onward; however, the 4% BFD mixture maintained a high healing index for an additional cycle without adverse effects. 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spelling v2 71554 2026-03-05 Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements 73c6854ebb10465fbf7faab297135641 0000-0001-8327-2236 Jose Norambuena-Contreras Jose Norambuena-Contreras true false 2026-03-05 ACEM This paper evaluates the effect of adding Blast Furnace Dust (BFD), a by-product of the steel industry, on the multifunctional performance of porous asphalt mixtures designed for self-healing permeable pavements. Porous mixtures were prepared with six different BFD percentages (i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% by weight), as substitutes for fine aggregate. The physical, mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, thermal, and self-healing properties of the porous asphalt mixtures were subsequently evaluated. The effect of the chemical, mineralogical, and physical properties of both the aggregate and BFD on microwave heating and healing efficiency was also examined. The healing capability of the mixtures was quantified by measuring the three-point bending strength of specimens before and after microwave-induced healing. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was also employed on core samples to assess the distribution of BFD and the internal porosity. Results showed that the lower density of BFD reduced air void content when used as a fine aggregate replacement. At 4% BFD, hydraulic permeability approached that of the reference mixture, due to its good void distribution and connectivity, as evidenced by µCT reconstruction analysis. Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were unaffected by BFD incorporation. Mechanical properties and durability improved under both dry and wet conditions, while energy efficiency during microwave exposure also increased. The highest heating rates were observed in BFD and fine aggregate components. Healing indices generally decreased from the third cycle onward; however, the 4% BFD mixture maintained a high healing index for an additional cycle without adverse effects. In short, incorporating BFD into porous asphalt mixtures improves mechanical performance, durability, and microwave heating efficiency, while supporting multifunctional pavement design and promoting sustainability. Journal Article Materials and Structures 59 2 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 1359-5997 1871-6873 Porous Asphalt; Permeability; Metallic Waste; Thermophysical Properties; Self-Healing 10 2 2026 2026-02-10 10.1617/s11527-026-02957-1 COLLEGE NANME Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE ACEM Swansea University This research was partially funded by the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia under project reference SGI 3472. X-ray microCT facilities were provided by the Swansea University Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Core Facility; funded in part by the EPSRC (EP/M028267/1) and the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government (80708). 2026-03-05T12:42:37.7333273 2026-03-05T10:42:26.0455247 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Civil Engineering Andres Silva-Balaguera 1 Jose L. Concha 2 Manuel Chavez-Delgado 3 Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda 4 Richard Johnston 5 Jose Norambuena-Contreras 0000-0001-8327-2236 6 71554__36357__b8213496909b432fab72558af9e19e4c.pdf Author Accepted Manuscript M&S.pdf 2026-03-05T11:39:18.4359939 Output 2831847 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true false
title Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements
spellingShingle Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements
Jose Norambuena-Contreras
title_short Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements
title_full Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements
title_fullStr Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements
title_full_unstemmed Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements
title_sort Multifunctional porous asphalt mixture containing metallic blast furnace dust for self-healing permeable pavements
author_id_str_mv 73c6854ebb10465fbf7faab297135641
author_id_fullname_str_mv 73c6854ebb10465fbf7faab297135641_***_Jose Norambuena-Contreras
author Jose Norambuena-Contreras
author2 Andres Silva-Balaguera
Jose L. Concha
Manuel Chavez-Delgado
Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda
Richard Johnston
Jose Norambuena-Contreras
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container_title Materials and Structures
container_volume 59
container_issue 2
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 1359-5997
1871-6873
doi_str_mv 10.1617/s11527-026-02957-1
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Civil Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Civil Engineering
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description This paper evaluates the effect of adding Blast Furnace Dust (BFD), a by-product of the steel industry, on the multifunctional performance of porous asphalt mixtures designed for self-healing permeable pavements. Porous mixtures were prepared with six different BFD percentages (i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% by weight), as substitutes for fine aggregate. The physical, mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, thermal, and self-healing properties of the porous asphalt mixtures were subsequently evaluated. The effect of the chemical, mineralogical, and physical properties of both the aggregate and BFD on microwave heating and healing efficiency was also examined. The healing capability of the mixtures was quantified by measuring the three-point bending strength of specimens before and after microwave-induced healing. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was also employed on core samples to assess the distribution of BFD and the internal porosity. Results showed that the lower density of BFD reduced air void content when used as a fine aggregate replacement. At 4% BFD, hydraulic permeability approached that of the reference mixture, due to its good void distribution and connectivity, as evidenced by µCT reconstruction analysis. Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were unaffected by BFD incorporation. Mechanical properties and durability improved under both dry and wet conditions, while energy efficiency during microwave exposure also increased. The highest heating rates were observed in BFD and fine aggregate components. Healing indices generally decreased from the third cycle onward; however, the 4% BFD mixture maintained a high healing index for an additional cycle without adverse effects. In short, incorporating BFD into porous asphalt mixtures improves mechanical performance, durability, and microwave heating efficiency, while supporting multifunctional pavement design and promoting sustainability.
published_date 2026-02-10T12:42:39Z
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score 11.453587

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