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Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up

Craig Armstrong Orcid Logo, Bjornar Sandnes Orcid Logo, Enrico Andreoli Orcid Logo

Industrial Chemistry & Materials

Swansea University Authors: Craig Armstrong Orcid Logo, Bjornar Sandnes Orcid Logo, Enrico Andreoli Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1039/d5im00372e

Abstract

Herein the operating principles of a carbon dioxide electrolyser employing a percolator material and a gravity-fed electrolyte are demonstrated. By precisely adjusting reservoir elevations, the catholyte pressure profile applied to the CO2 gas diffusion electrode as a function of height is deliberat...

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Published in: Industrial Chemistry & Materials
ISSN: 2755-2608 2755-2500
Published: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71467
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last_indexed 2026-02-28T05:41:44Z
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spelling 2026-02-27T09:35:24.5601723 v2 71467 2026-02-19 Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up d924ddb9d9698dd8724483a8c3051b23 0000-0002-2747-0956 Craig Armstrong Craig Armstrong true false 61c7c04b5c804d9402caf4881e85234b 0000-0002-4854-5857 Bjornar Sandnes Bjornar Sandnes true false cbd843daab780bb55698a3daccd74df8 0000-0002-1207-2314 Enrico Andreoli Enrico Andreoli true false 2026-02-19 EAAS Herein the operating principles of a carbon dioxide electrolyser employing a percolator material and a gravity-fed electrolyte are demonstrated. By precisely adjusting reservoir elevations, the catholyte pressure profile applied to the CO2 gas diffusion electrode as a function of height is deliberately manipulated. This approach enables the control of pressure differentials across the entire electrode, and the mitigation of hydrostatic pressure accumulation within the catholyte which would otherwise exceed the limited pressure resilience of present electrodes. To rationalise the fluid physics of operation, a tractable model that predicts the internal pressure profile within the percolator was developed, requiring only simple reservoir height adjustments to account for head losses specific to the electrolyser architecture. To validate and apply this model, a 32 cm tall electrolyser with vertical differential pressure monitoring was employed, demonstrating sub-millibar pressure gradients during operation. Under these conditions, stable CO2 electrolysis was achieved, demonstrating the prospect of vertically scaled systems which is critical for industrial implementation. Journal Article Industrial Chemistry & Materials 0 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2755-2608 2755-2500 Falling film electrolyser (FFE); Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (EC-CO2R); Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs); Differential pressure; Vertical scale-up; Stability 19 2 2026 2026-02-19 10.1039/d5im00372e COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University Not Required Support was provided by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council through the SUSTAIN Manufacturing Hub EP/S018107/1, and by Research Wales Innovation Fund through a Collaboration Booster Grant. 2026-02-27T09:35:24.5601723 2026-02-19T11:07:52.1744993 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering Craig Armstrong 0000-0002-2747-0956 1 Bjornar Sandnes 0000-0002-4854-5857 2 Enrico Andreoli 0000-0002-1207-2314 3 71467__36322__099bc550a60545b08b2bb430c7f9995f.pdf 71467.VOR.pdf 2026-02-27T09:25:53.0866778 Output 3614787 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2026 The Author(s). Co‐published by the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of Chemistry. This Open Access Article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
title Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up
spellingShingle Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up
Craig Armstrong
Bjornar Sandnes
Enrico Andreoli
title_short Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up
title_full Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up
title_fullStr Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up
title_full_unstemmed Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up
title_sort Sub-millibar pressure gradient along a gravity-driven percolated CO<sub>2</sub> gas diffusion electrode for vertical scale-up
author_id_str_mv d924ddb9d9698dd8724483a8c3051b23
61c7c04b5c804d9402caf4881e85234b
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author_id_fullname_str_mv d924ddb9d9698dd8724483a8c3051b23_***_Craig Armstrong
61c7c04b5c804d9402caf4881e85234b_***_Bjornar Sandnes
cbd843daab780bb55698a3daccd74df8_***_Enrico Andreoli
author Craig Armstrong
Bjornar Sandnes
Enrico Andreoli
author2 Craig Armstrong
Bjornar Sandnes
Enrico Andreoli
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container_title Industrial Chemistry & Materials
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publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 2755-2608
2755-2500
doi_str_mv 10.1039/d5im00372e
publisher Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering
document_store_str 1
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description Herein the operating principles of a carbon dioxide electrolyser employing a percolator material and a gravity-fed electrolyte are demonstrated. By precisely adjusting reservoir elevations, the catholyte pressure profile applied to the CO2 gas diffusion electrode as a function of height is deliberately manipulated. This approach enables the control of pressure differentials across the entire electrode, and the mitigation of hydrostatic pressure accumulation within the catholyte which would otherwise exceed the limited pressure resilience of present electrodes. To rationalise the fluid physics of operation, a tractable model that predicts the internal pressure profile within the percolator was developed, requiring only simple reservoir height adjustments to account for head losses specific to the electrolyser architecture. To validate and apply this model, a 32 cm tall electrolyser with vertical differential pressure monitoring was employed, demonstrating sub-millibar pressure gradients during operation. Under these conditions, stable CO2 electrolysis was achieved, demonstrating the prospect of vertically scaled systems which is critical for industrial implementation.
published_date 2026-02-19T05:32:46Z
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