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Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment

Naima Hamid Orcid Logo, Nurnajiha Binti Mazeli, Marcella Steffany Ann Anak Amoi, Noor Azhani Wafiqah Binti Mohd Norrosman, Rakia Manzoor, Ong Meng Chuan, STUART CAIRNS, Iain Robertson Orcid Logo, Muhammad Junaid Orcid Logo

Journal of Hazardous Materials: Plastics, Volume: 2, Start page: 100020

Swansea University Authors: STUART CAIRNS, Iain Robertson Orcid Logo, Muhammad Junaid Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.hazmp.2025.100020

Abstract

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and plastic additive Bisphenol A (BPA) are considered as persistent emerging organic pollutants due to their ubiquitous and degradation resistant nature and toxicological health effects on aquatic species. Assessing their combined toxicity is critical for understanding...

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Published in: Journal of Hazardous Materials: Plastics
ISSN: 3051-0600
Published: Elsevier BV 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71160
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Assessing their combined toxicity is critical for understanding potential chemical interactions and associated ecological risks. Therefore, the present study investigates the individual and combined effects of PFOA and BPA in Daphnia magna at environment-relevant concentrations (ERCs) of 10&#x202F;&#xB5;g/L and 20&#x202F;&#xB5;g/L for 7 days. The study focuses on developmental toxicity, apoptosis induction, enzymatic activity inhibition, and molecular docking interactions with antioxidant enzymes. Results showed higher mortality and deformity rates (P&#x202F;&lt;&#x202F;0.05) in a dose-dependent manner in the combined PFOA+BPA group than single BPA and PFOA-treated groups compared to the control. Predominant malformations included loss of tail and antennae, blood clots, and carapace deformities, most evident between days 3 and 7 of exposure. Apoptosis, detected through acridine orange staining, was observed in the abdominal claw, mid-gut region, and thoracic appendages. Enzymatic assays revealed substantial inhibition of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD activities across most treatment groups, except for GSH-Px in PFOA-exposed groups. Molecular docking further confirmed stronger binding affinities of BPA with SOD (-9.2 Kcal/mol) and GSH-Px (-9.1 Kcal/mol) than PFOA (SOD; &#x2212;8.5 Kcal/mol and GSH-Px; &#x2212;6.3 Kcal/mol). In conclusion, individual PFOA and BPA showed higher toxicity potential than the combined PFOA+BPA exposure, suggesting antagonistic interactions. 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spelling 2026-01-22T11:58:22.9517180 v2 71160 2025-12-18 Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment 30793e6e3c5175f8f9ced898770fe297 STUART CAIRNS STUART CAIRNS true false ef8912c57e0140e9ecb2a69b7e34467e 0000-0001-7174-4523 Iain Robertson Iain Robertson true false b745b3d1e3071ed99eae3e882fde4375 0000-0002-0675-5864 Muhammad Junaid Muhammad Junaid true false 2025-12-18 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and plastic additive Bisphenol A (BPA) are considered as persistent emerging organic pollutants due to their ubiquitous and degradation resistant nature and toxicological health effects on aquatic species. Assessing their combined toxicity is critical for understanding potential chemical interactions and associated ecological risks. Therefore, the present study investigates the individual and combined effects of PFOA and BPA in Daphnia magna at environment-relevant concentrations (ERCs) of 10 µg/L and 20 µg/L for 7 days. The study focuses on developmental toxicity, apoptosis induction, enzymatic activity inhibition, and molecular docking interactions with antioxidant enzymes. Results showed higher mortality and deformity rates (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner in the combined PFOA+BPA group than single BPA and PFOA-treated groups compared to the control. Predominant malformations included loss of tail and antennae, blood clots, and carapace deformities, most evident between days 3 and 7 of exposure. Apoptosis, detected through acridine orange staining, was observed in the abdominal claw, mid-gut region, and thoracic appendages. Enzymatic assays revealed substantial inhibition of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD activities across most treatment groups, except for GSH-Px in PFOA-exposed groups. Molecular docking further confirmed stronger binding affinities of BPA with SOD (-9.2 Kcal/mol) and GSH-Px (-9.1 Kcal/mol) than PFOA (SOD; −8.5 Kcal/mol and GSH-Px; −6.3 Kcal/mol). In conclusion, individual PFOA and BPA showed higher toxicity potential than the combined PFOA+BPA exposure, suggesting antagonistic interactions. These findings highlight the need for further mechanistic studies to better understand the toxicological impacts of PFOA and BPA on aquatic ecosystems. Journal Article Journal of Hazardous Materials: Plastics 2 100020 Elsevier BV 3051-0600 Emerging pollutants; BPA; PFOA; Daphnia magna; Apoptosis; Enzymes 1 2 2026 2026-02-01 10.1016/j.hazmp.2025.100020 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Talent and Publication Enhancement Research Grant (TAPE-RG), University Malaysia Terengganu (TAPERG/2023/UMT/55448), Vote No 55448 to N.H, for this study. 2026-01-22T11:58:22.9517180 2025-12-18T22:17:23.3617256 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography Naima Hamid 0000-0002-0499-6701 1 Nurnajiha Binti Mazeli 2 Marcella Steffany Ann Anak Amoi 3 Noor Azhani Wafiqah Binti Mohd Norrosman 4 Rakia Manzoor 5 Ong Meng Chuan 6 STUART CAIRNS 7 Iain Robertson 0000-0001-7174-4523 8 Muhammad Junaid 0000-0002-0675-5864 9 71160__36084__7c91c695e2db4e7a9ef8a3a15e056584.pdf 71160.VoR.pdf 2026-01-22T11:56:50.2384039 Output 6246950 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment
spellingShingle Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment
STUART CAIRNS
Iain Robertson
Muhammad Junaid
title_short Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment
title_full Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment
title_fullStr Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment
title_full_unstemmed Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment
title_sort Perfluorooctanoic acid and plastic additive Bisphenol A induce developmental impairments and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis in Daphnia magna: An integrated toxicological assessment
author_id_str_mv 30793e6e3c5175f8f9ced898770fe297
ef8912c57e0140e9ecb2a69b7e34467e
b745b3d1e3071ed99eae3e882fde4375
author_id_fullname_str_mv 30793e6e3c5175f8f9ced898770fe297_***_STUART CAIRNS
ef8912c57e0140e9ecb2a69b7e34467e_***_Iain Robertson
b745b3d1e3071ed99eae3e882fde4375_***_Muhammad Junaid
author STUART CAIRNS
Iain Robertson
Muhammad Junaid
author2 Naima Hamid
Nurnajiha Binti Mazeli
Marcella Steffany Ann Anak Amoi
Noor Azhani Wafiqah Binti Mohd Norrosman
Rakia Manzoor
Ong Meng Chuan
STUART CAIRNS
Iain Robertson
Muhammad Junaid
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Hazardous Materials: Plastics
container_volume 2
container_start_page 100020
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 3051-0600
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.hazmp.2025.100020
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and plastic additive Bisphenol A (BPA) are considered as persistent emerging organic pollutants due to their ubiquitous and degradation resistant nature and toxicological health effects on aquatic species. Assessing their combined toxicity is critical for understanding potential chemical interactions and associated ecological risks. Therefore, the present study investigates the individual and combined effects of PFOA and BPA in Daphnia magna at environment-relevant concentrations (ERCs) of 10 µg/L and 20 µg/L for 7 days. The study focuses on developmental toxicity, apoptosis induction, enzymatic activity inhibition, and molecular docking interactions with antioxidant enzymes. Results showed higher mortality and deformity rates (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner in the combined PFOA+BPA group than single BPA and PFOA-treated groups compared to the control. Predominant malformations included loss of tail and antennae, blood clots, and carapace deformities, most evident between days 3 and 7 of exposure. Apoptosis, detected through acridine orange staining, was observed in the abdominal claw, mid-gut region, and thoracic appendages. Enzymatic assays revealed substantial inhibition of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD activities across most treatment groups, except for GSH-Px in PFOA-exposed groups. Molecular docking further confirmed stronger binding affinities of BPA with SOD (-9.2 Kcal/mol) and GSH-Px (-9.1 Kcal/mol) than PFOA (SOD; −8.5 Kcal/mol and GSH-Px; −6.3 Kcal/mol). In conclusion, individual PFOA and BPA showed higher toxicity potential than the combined PFOA+BPA exposure, suggesting antagonistic interactions. These findings highlight the need for further mechanistic studies to better understand the toxicological impacts of PFOA and BPA on aquatic ecosystems.
published_date 2026-02-01T05:34:44Z
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score 11.096068

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