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Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

Olivia McCarthy, Kasper Birch Kristensen Orcid Logo, Ajenthen Gayathri Ranjan Orcid Logo, Chloe Nicholas, Jens Juul Holst Orcid Logo, Richard Bracken Orcid Logo, Kirsten Nørgaard Orcid Logo, Signe Schmidt Orcid Logo

Nutrients, Volume: 17, Issue: 23, Start page: 3637

Swansea University Authors: Olivia McCarthy, Chloe Nicholas, Richard Bracken Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/nu17233637

Abstract

Aim: To compare the effect of consuming three isocaloric diets that differed in macronutrient composition on substrate oxidation and glucose regulation during sustained submaximal exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: In a randomised, crossover design, 12 adults with T1D (n = 4 fem...

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Published in: Nutrients
ISSN: 2072-6643
Published: MDPI AG 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70961
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Methods: In a randomised, crossover design, 12 adults with T1D (n = 4 female, age: 46 &#xB1; 15 years, HbA1c: 55.9 &#xB1; 7.8 mmol/mol) consumed three isocaloric diets over seven days: (i) HCLFLP (high-carbohydrate [48%], low-fat [33%], low-protein [19%]), (ii) LCHFLP (low-carbohydrate [19%]), high-fat [62%], low-protein [19%]), and (iii) LCLFHP (low-carbohydrate (19%), low-fat [57%], high-protein [24%]). On the morning of day eight, participants undertook 45 min of cycling (&#x2248;60% VO2peak) whilst fasting. Venous-derived plasma glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured throughout the trial period. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine rates of substrate oxidation during exercise. Data were analysed via repeated measures ANOVAs with p &#x2264; 0.05 accepted as significant. Results: During exercise, rates of lipid oxidation were higher (1.2-fold, p = 0.030) and carbohydrate oxidation lower (0.8-fold, p = 0.030) in LCHFLP versus HCLFLP. Concentrations of FFA after exercise were higher in LCHFLP compared to HCLFLP (by &#x2248;22%, p = 0.019). Overall time spent in euglycaemia was higher (HCLFLP: 55.6 &#xB1; 43.9, LCHFLP: 87.3 &#xB1; 28.7, LCLFHP: 95.2 &#xB1; 7.9%, p = 0.003) and hyperglycaemia lower (HCLFLP: 44.4 &#xB1; 43.9, LCHFLP: 12.7 &#xB1; 28.7, LCLFHP: 4.8 &#xB1; 7.9%, p = 0.003) in both LC diets relative to HC. No differences in any measured biomarkers were observed between the two LC diets. 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spelling 2025-11-21T14:23:10.8071052 v2 70961 2025-11-21 Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes 4fea3e19b39712dea1d051d317614572 Olivia McCarthy Olivia McCarthy true false abf60d99b0f99b319d78dc0d6ca8ccdc Chloe Nicholas Chloe Nicholas true false f5da81cd18adfdedb2ccb845bddc12f7 0000-0002-6986-6449 Richard Bracken Richard Bracken true false 2025-11-21 EAAS Aim: To compare the effect of consuming three isocaloric diets that differed in macronutrient composition on substrate oxidation and glucose regulation during sustained submaximal exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: In a randomised, crossover design, 12 adults with T1D (n = 4 female, age: 46 ± 15 years, HbA1c: 55.9 ± 7.8 mmol/mol) consumed three isocaloric diets over seven days: (i) HCLFLP (high-carbohydrate [48%], low-fat [33%], low-protein [19%]), (ii) LCHFLP (low-carbohydrate [19%]), high-fat [62%], low-protein [19%]), and (iii) LCLFHP (low-carbohydrate (19%), low-fat [57%], high-protein [24%]). On the morning of day eight, participants undertook 45 min of cycling (≈60% VO2peak) whilst fasting. Venous-derived plasma glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured throughout the trial period. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine rates of substrate oxidation during exercise. Data were analysed via repeated measures ANOVAs with p ≤ 0.05 accepted as significant. Results: During exercise, rates of lipid oxidation were higher (1.2-fold, p = 0.030) and carbohydrate oxidation lower (0.8-fold, p = 0.030) in LCHFLP versus HCLFLP. Concentrations of FFA after exercise were higher in LCHFLP compared to HCLFLP (by ≈22%, p = 0.019). Overall time spent in euglycaemia was higher (HCLFLP: 55.6 ± 43.9, LCHFLP: 87.3 ± 28.7, LCLFHP: 95.2 ± 7.9%, p = 0.003) and hyperglycaemia lower (HCLFLP: 44.4 ± 43.9, LCHFLP: 12.7 ± 28.7, LCLFHP: 4.8 ± 7.9%, p = 0.003) in both LC diets relative to HC. No differences in any measured biomarkers were observed between the two LC diets. Conclusions: One-week consumption of isocaloric diets that differed in their macronutrient composition shifted patterns of energy metabolism during a standardised bout of moderate intensity exercise performed in the fasted state in adults with T1D. Journal Article Nutrients 17 23 3637 MDPI AG 2072-6643 type 1 diabetes; exercise; metabolism; diet; nutrition; physiology 21 11 2025 2025-11-21 10.3390/nu17233637 COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee 2025-11-21T14:23:10.8071052 2025-11-21T14:09:49.5035443 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences Olivia McCarthy 1 Kasper Birch Kristensen 0000-0001-8614-6729 2 Ajenthen Gayathri Ranjan 0000-0002-2253-6071 3 Chloe Nicholas 4 Jens Juul Holst 0000-0001-6853-3805 5 Richard Bracken 0000-0002-6986-6449 6 Kirsten Nørgaard 0000-0003-1620-8271 7 Signe Schmidt 0000-0002-6968-6675 8 70961__35681__c64f595dd5614ae3b3920667e960855d.pdf 70961.VOR.pdf 2025-11-21T14:14:06.6316799 Output 602419 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
spellingShingle Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Olivia McCarthy
Chloe Nicholas
Richard Bracken
title_short Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
title_full Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
title_fullStr Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
title_full_unstemmed Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
title_sort Influence of Diets Differing in Macronutrient Composition on Metabolic Regulation During Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
author_id_str_mv 4fea3e19b39712dea1d051d317614572
abf60d99b0f99b319d78dc0d6ca8ccdc
f5da81cd18adfdedb2ccb845bddc12f7
author_id_fullname_str_mv 4fea3e19b39712dea1d051d317614572_***_Olivia McCarthy
abf60d99b0f99b319d78dc0d6ca8ccdc_***_Chloe Nicholas
f5da81cd18adfdedb2ccb845bddc12f7_***_Richard Bracken
author Olivia McCarthy
Chloe Nicholas
Richard Bracken
author2 Olivia McCarthy
Kasper Birch Kristensen
Ajenthen Gayathri Ranjan
Chloe Nicholas
Jens Juul Holst
Richard Bracken
Kirsten Nørgaard
Signe Schmidt
format Journal article
container_title Nutrients
container_volume 17
container_issue 23
container_start_page 3637
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 2072-6643
doi_str_mv 10.3390/nu17233637
publisher MDPI AG
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Aim: To compare the effect of consuming three isocaloric diets that differed in macronutrient composition on substrate oxidation and glucose regulation during sustained submaximal exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: In a randomised, crossover design, 12 adults with T1D (n = 4 female, age: 46 ± 15 years, HbA1c: 55.9 ± 7.8 mmol/mol) consumed three isocaloric diets over seven days: (i) HCLFLP (high-carbohydrate [48%], low-fat [33%], low-protein [19%]), (ii) LCHFLP (low-carbohydrate [19%]), high-fat [62%], low-protein [19%]), and (iii) LCLFHP (low-carbohydrate (19%), low-fat [57%], high-protein [24%]). On the morning of day eight, participants undertook 45 min of cycling (≈60% VO2peak) whilst fasting. Venous-derived plasma glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured throughout the trial period. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine rates of substrate oxidation during exercise. Data were analysed via repeated measures ANOVAs with p ≤ 0.05 accepted as significant. Results: During exercise, rates of lipid oxidation were higher (1.2-fold, p = 0.030) and carbohydrate oxidation lower (0.8-fold, p = 0.030) in LCHFLP versus HCLFLP. Concentrations of FFA after exercise were higher in LCHFLP compared to HCLFLP (by ≈22%, p = 0.019). Overall time spent in euglycaemia was higher (HCLFLP: 55.6 ± 43.9, LCHFLP: 87.3 ± 28.7, LCLFHP: 95.2 ± 7.9%, p = 0.003) and hyperglycaemia lower (HCLFLP: 44.4 ± 43.9, LCHFLP: 12.7 ± 28.7, LCLFHP: 4.8 ± 7.9%, p = 0.003) in both LC diets relative to HC. No differences in any measured biomarkers were observed between the two LC diets. Conclusions: One-week consumption of isocaloric diets that differed in their macronutrient composition shifted patterns of energy metabolism during a standardised bout of moderate intensity exercise performed in the fasted state in adults with T1D.
published_date 2025-11-21T05:34:12Z
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