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A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>

Martyn J. Wood Orcid Logo, Sare I. Yavaşoğlu Orcid Logo, James Bull Orcid Logo, Serkan Bakırcı, Kanagasooriyam Kanagachandran, Tariq Butt Orcid Logo

Pest Management Science, Volume: 82, Issue: 2, Pages: 1481 - 1491

Swansea University Authors: James Bull Orcid Logo, Tariq Butt Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1002/ps.70296

Abstract

Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma excavatum are two widely dispersed vectors of pathogens, including those that cause Lyme disease and Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever in the human population. Recently developed, plant-derived, mosquito-repellent blends have shown promise against other vector clades, and...

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Published in: Pest Management Science
ISSN: 1526-498X 1526-4998
Published: Wiley 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70604
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Recently developed, plant-derived, mosquito-repellent blends have shown promise against other vector clades, and this study assesses these blends as potential tick repellents. Blends of (+)-borneol, bornyl acetate, eugenol, isoeugenol and camphor were assessed in two formats: blends 3 and 4. Ticks were assessed using the moving object bioassay (Ixodes) or a dual-choice behavioural assay (Hyalomma). Both blends were compared against negative controls and four commercially available synthetic repellents: N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylstyrene 1-piperidine carboxylate) (Picaridin), 3-(N-n-butyl-N-acetyl)-amino-propionic acid ethyl ester (IR3535) and p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD). Results demonstrate the efficacies of blends 3 and 4; moreover, both were more effective than the commercial repellents (P&#x2009;&lt;&#x2009;0.05). 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spelling 2026-01-20T13:28:43.1093095 v2 70604 2025-10-07 A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> 20742518482c020c80b81b88e5313356 0000-0002-4373-6830 James Bull James Bull true false 85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece 0000-0002-8789-9543 Tariq Butt Tariq Butt true false 2025-10-07 BGPS Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma excavatum are two widely dispersed vectors of pathogens, including those that cause Lyme disease and Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever in the human population. Recently developed, plant-derived, mosquito-repellent blends have shown promise against other vector clades, and this study assesses these blends as potential tick repellents. Blends of (+)-borneol, bornyl acetate, eugenol, isoeugenol and camphor were assessed in two formats: blends 3 and 4. Ticks were assessed using the moving object bioassay (Ixodes) or a dual-choice behavioural assay (Hyalomma). Both blends were compared against negative controls and four commercially available synthetic repellents: N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylstyrene 1-piperidine carboxylate) (Picaridin), 3-(N-n-butyl-N-acetyl)-amino-propionic acid ethyl ester (IR3535) and p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD). Results demonstrate the efficacies of blends 3 and 4; moreover, both were more effective than the commercial repellents (P < 0.05). Blend 3 was marginally more effective than blend 4, and differences in the repellent action were noted for each of the tick species, suggesting broad-spectrum vector-repellent activities, irrespective of life strategy. Overall, this work demonstrates the clear potential of blends 3 and 4 as tick repellents that offer an improved vector response over currently available commercial repellents. Furthermore, that the same repellent blends are capable of tick repellency in addition to mosquito repellency, offers the potential for widely dispersed usage across a range of integrated vector management strategies. Journal Article Pest Management Science 82 2 1481 1491 Wiley 1526-498X 1526-4998 blend, Hyalomma, Ixodes, repellent, volatile organic compounds 1 2 2026 2026-02-01 10.1002/ps.70296 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This study was part funded jointly by Agor IP, Wales and Rentokil Initial Plc. Neither Agor IP, nor Rentokil Plc, had roles in study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish was permitted by Rentokil Plc. following submission of patent (6096AP/GB). 2026-01-20T13:28:43.1093095 2025-10-07T13:39:19.1766768 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Martyn J. Wood 0000-0002-3229-7932 1 Sare I. Yavaşoğlu 0000-0002-9055-1556 2 James Bull 0000-0002-4373-6830 3 Serkan Bakırcı 4 Kanagasooriyam Kanagachandran 5 Tariq Butt 0000-0002-8789-9543 6 70604__35372__7c55e01f14ae43a1b21b87be5e22da1a.pdf 70604.VoR.pdf 2025-10-16T15:36:24.2151018 Output 1957142 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>
spellingShingle A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>
James Bull
Tariq Butt
title_short A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>
title_full A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>
title_fullStr A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>
title_full_unstemmed A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>
title_sort A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against <i>Hyalomma excavatum</i> and <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>
author_id_str_mv 20742518482c020c80b81b88e5313356
85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece
author_id_fullname_str_mv 20742518482c020c80b81b88e5313356_***_James Bull
85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece_***_Tariq Butt
author James Bull
Tariq Butt
author2 Martyn J. Wood
Sare I. Yavaşoğlu
James Bull
Serkan Bakırcı
Kanagasooriyam Kanagachandran
Tariq Butt
format Journal article
container_title Pest Management Science
container_volume 82
container_issue 2
container_start_page 1481
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 1526-498X
1526-4998
doi_str_mv 10.1002/ps.70296
publisher Wiley
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma excavatum are two widely dispersed vectors of pathogens, including those that cause Lyme disease and Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever in the human population. Recently developed, plant-derived, mosquito-repellent blends have shown promise against other vector clades, and this study assesses these blends as potential tick repellents. Blends of (+)-borneol, bornyl acetate, eugenol, isoeugenol and camphor were assessed in two formats: blends 3 and 4. Ticks were assessed using the moving object bioassay (Ixodes) or a dual-choice behavioural assay (Hyalomma). Both blends were compared against negative controls and four commercially available synthetic repellents: N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylstyrene 1-piperidine carboxylate) (Picaridin), 3-(N-n-butyl-N-acetyl)-amino-propionic acid ethyl ester (IR3535) and p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD). Results demonstrate the efficacies of blends 3 and 4; moreover, both were more effective than the commercial repellents (P < 0.05). Blend 3 was marginally more effective than blend 4, and differences in the repellent action were noted for each of the tick species, suggesting broad-spectrum vector-repellent activities, irrespective of life strategy. Overall, this work demonstrates the clear potential of blends 3 and 4 as tick repellents that offer an improved vector response over currently available commercial repellents. Furthermore, that the same repellent blends are capable of tick repellency in addition to mosquito repellency, offers the potential for widely dispersed usage across a range of integrated vector management strategies.
published_date 2026-02-01T05:33:05Z
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