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The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber

Ali Esmaeili, DEEPAK GEORGE, Thomas Lake Orcid Logo, Lewis Tunnicliffe, Ian Masters Orcid Logo, Mokarram Hossain Orcid Logo

Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures

Swansea University Authors: Ali Esmaeili, DEEPAK GEORGE, Thomas Lake Orcid Logo, Ian Masters Orcid Logo, Mokarram Hossain Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1111/ffe.70065

Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate the fatigue life of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) filled natural rubbers (NR) prepared by two different compounding techniques, including wet and dry methods. This was done to correlate the presence of defects to fatigue performance and to identify the optimum dispersio...

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Published in: Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures
ISSN: 8756-758X 1460-2695
Published: Wiley 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70163
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This was done to correlate the presence of defects to fatigue performance and to identify the optimum dispersion approach for CNTs/NR. The wet approach possessed a higher number of large defects compared to the dry approach, whereas the latter manifested better CNT dispersion. The presence of a higher number of large defects accounted for a significant reduction in the fatigue life in the wet batch with respect to dry samples. The formation of multiple tiny cracks and their further developments via crack shielding and crack coalescence were considered for damage evolution at the macroscale, while the presence of wrenching and river-like patterns was notable at the microscale. Ultimately, the dry approach could be a better compounding technique for CNT dispersion considering its high quasi-static and fatigue properties.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Fatigue &amp;amp; Fracture of Engineering Materials &amp;amp; Structures</journal><volume>0</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher>Wiley</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>8756-758X</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1460-2695</issnElectronic><keywords>carbon nanotubes; compounding technique; damage evolution; defect; fatigue life; natural rubber</keywords><publishedDay>26</publishedDay><publishedMonth>8</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2025</publishedYear><publishedDate>2025-08-26</publishedDate><doi>10.1111/ffe.70065</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>ACEM</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>Swansea Bay City Deal and the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh European Funding Office; EPSRC through the Supergen ORE Hub (EP/S000747/1), who have awarded funding for the Flexible Fund project Submerged biaxial fatigue analysis for Flexible membrane Wave Energy Converters (FF2021-1036); Birla Carbon, USA</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2025-09-29T15:10:54.2100002</lastEdited><Created>2025-08-11T10:35:23.2074842</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Ali</firstname><surname>Esmaeili</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>DEEPAK</firstname><surname>GEORGE</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Thomas</firstname><surname>Lake</surname><orcid>0000-0003-3045-3652</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Lewis</firstname><surname>Tunnicliffe</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Ian</firstname><surname>Masters</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7667-6670</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Mokarram</firstname><surname>Hossain</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4616-1104</orcid><order>6</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>70163__35196__8f049bb473234710a755e8ee51db7414.pdf</filename><originalFilename>70163.VoR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2025-09-29T15:08:05.5964036</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>10411968</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2025 The Author(s). 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spelling 2025-09-29T15:10:54.2100002 v2 70163 2025-08-11 The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber 25f6a899c6e8e4fa6f8c3b85f0a27c4d Ali Esmaeili Ali Esmaeili true false 6170d801808f720f6e3a16eab4fc2ea7 DEEPAK GEORGE DEEPAK GEORGE true false be1d57f705e41548bf1f1ef6551acc90 0000-0003-3045-3652 Thomas Lake Thomas Lake true false 6fa19551092853928cde0e6d5fac48a1 0000-0001-7667-6670 Ian Masters Ian Masters true false 140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd 0000-0002-4616-1104 Mokarram Hossain Mokarram Hossain true false 2025-08-11 ACEM This study was aimed to investigate the fatigue life of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) filled natural rubbers (NR) prepared by two different compounding techniques, including wet and dry methods. This was done to correlate the presence of defects to fatigue performance and to identify the optimum dispersion approach for CNTs/NR. The wet approach possessed a higher number of large defects compared to the dry approach, whereas the latter manifested better CNT dispersion. The presence of a higher number of large defects accounted for a significant reduction in the fatigue life in the wet batch with respect to dry samples. The formation of multiple tiny cracks and their further developments via crack shielding and crack coalescence were considered for damage evolution at the macroscale, while the presence of wrenching and river-like patterns was notable at the microscale. Ultimately, the dry approach could be a better compounding technique for CNT dispersion considering its high quasi-static and fatigue properties. Journal Article Fatigue &amp; Fracture of Engineering Materials &amp; Structures 0 Wiley 8756-758X 1460-2695 carbon nanotubes; compounding technique; damage evolution; defect; fatigue life; natural rubber 26 8 2025 2025-08-26 10.1111/ffe.70065 COLLEGE NANME Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE ACEM Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Swansea Bay City Deal and the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh European Funding Office; EPSRC through the Supergen ORE Hub (EP/S000747/1), who have awarded funding for the Flexible Fund project Submerged biaxial fatigue analysis for Flexible membrane Wave Energy Converters (FF2021-1036); Birla Carbon, USA 2025-09-29T15:10:54.2100002 2025-08-11T10:35:23.2074842 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering Ali Esmaeili 1 DEEPAK GEORGE 2 Thomas Lake 0000-0003-3045-3652 3 Lewis Tunnicliffe 4 Ian Masters 0000-0001-7667-6670 5 Mokarram Hossain 0000-0002-4616-1104 6 70163__35196__8f049bb473234710a755e8ee51db7414.pdf 70163.VoR.pdf 2025-09-29T15:08:05.5964036 Output 10411968 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber
spellingShingle The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber
Ali Esmaeili
DEEPAK GEORGE
Thomas Lake
Ian Masters
Mokarram Hossain
title_short The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber
title_full The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber
title_fullStr The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber
title_full_unstemmed The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber
title_sort The Importance of Rubber Compounding Approach in Damage Evolution and Fatigue Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Doped Natural Rubber
author_id_str_mv 25f6a899c6e8e4fa6f8c3b85f0a27c4d
6170d801808f720f6e3a16eab4fc2ea7
be1d57f705e41548bf1f1ef6551acc90
6fa19551092853928cde0e6d5fac48a1
140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd
author_id_fullname_str_mv 25f6a899c6e8e4fa6f8c3b85f0a27c4d_***_Ali Esmaeili
6170d801808f720f6e3a16eab4fc2ea7_***_DEEPAK GEORGE
be1d57f705e41548bf1f1ef6551acc90_***_Thomas Lake
6fa19551092853928cde0e6d5fac48a1_***_Ian Masters
140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd_***_Mokarram Hossain
author Ali Esmaeili
DEEPAK GEORGE
Thomas Lake
Ian Masters
Mokarram Hossain
author2 Ali Esmaeili
DEEPAK GEORGE
Thomas Lake
Lewis Tunnicliffe
Ian Masters
Mokarram Hossain
format Journal article
container_title Fatigue &amp; Fracture of Engineering Materials &amp; Structures
container_volume 0
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 8756-758X
1460-2695
doi_str_mv 10.1111/ffe.70065
publisher Wiley
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description This study was aimed to investigate the fatigue life of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) filled natural rubbers (NR) prepared by two different compounding techniques, including wet and dry methods. This was done to correlate the presence of defects to fatigue performance and to identify the optimum dispersion approach for CNTs/NR. The wet approach possessed a higher number of large defects compared to the dry approach, whereas the latter manifested better CNT dispersion. The presence of a higher number of large defects accounted for a significant reduction in the fatigue life in the wet batch with respect to dry samples. The formation of multiple tiny cracks and their further developments via crack shielding and crack coalescence were considered for damage evolution at the macroscale, while the presence of wrenching and river-like patterns was notable at the microscale. Ultimately, the dry approach could be a better compounding technique for CNT dispersion considering its high quasi-static and fatigue properties.
published_date 2025-08-26T05:30:08Z
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score 11.089386

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