Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy

Nauta, Janko; Thorpe-Woods, Edward; Whale, J; Wilson, A; Oliveira, A N; Marshall, V R; Schoonwater, Joos; Ashkhasi, A; Rasmussen, C Ø; Madsen, Niels; Hangst, J S; Gibble, K; Szymaniec, K; Hendricks, R J; Eriksson, Stefan

doi:10.1088/1681-7575/adf64a

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Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy

Janko Nauta, Edward Thorpe-Woods, J Whale, A Wilson, A N Oliveira, V R Marshall, Joos Schoonwater, A Ashkhasi, C Ø Rasmussen

, Niels Madsen

, J S Hangst, K Gibble

, K Szymaniec

, R J Hendricks, Stefan Eriksson

Metrologia, Volume: 62, Issue: 4, Start page: 045008

Swansea University Authors: Janko Nauta, Edward Thorpe-Woods, Joos Schoonwater, Niels Madsen , Stefan Eriksson

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DOI (Published version): 10.1088/1681-7575/adf64a

Abstract

The performance of a caesium fountain frequency reference for use in precision measurements of trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA experiment at CERN is evaluated. A description of the fountain is provided together with a characterisation of systematic effects. The impact of the magnetic environment i...

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Published in:	Metrologia
ISSN:	0026-1394 1681-7575
Published:	IOP Publishing 2025
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70093

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A description of the fountain is provided together with a characterisation of systematic effects. The impact of the magnetic environment in the Antimatter Factory, where the fountain is installed, on the performance of the fountain is considered and shown to be insignificant. The systematic fractional frequency uncertainty of the fountain is 3.0 × 10−16. The short-term frequency stability of the measured frequency from the ALPHA-HM1 maser is 1.5 × 10−13τ−1/2, whereas the fountain itself shows a stability limit of 4.7 × 10−14τ−1/2. We find a fractional frequency difference of (1.0 ± 2.2 (stat.) ± 6.5 (syst.)) ×10−16 in a comparison with Terrestrial Time via a GNSS Common View satellite link between January 2023 and June 2024. 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spelling	2025-09-12T11:38:49.4665170 v2 70093 2025-08-01 Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy 410158aa02788d739bed2e1c9a85fe7f Janko Nauta Janko Nauta true false 3cc5f90671270bb06fff8abcfc6c8f1b Edward Thorpe-Woods Edward Thorpe-Woods true false 015c50bdb7662cdce2dbd7ae8b72abf9 Joos Schoonwater Joos Schoonwater true false e348e4d768ee19c1d0c68ce3a66d6303 0000-0002-7372-0784 Niels Madsen Niels Madsen true false 785cbd474febb1bfa9c0e14abaf9c4a8 0000-0002-5390-1879 Stefan Eriksson Stefan Eriksson true false 2025-08-01 BGPS The performance of a caesium fountain frequency reference for use in precision measurements of trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA experiment at CERN is evaluated. A description of the fountain is provided together with a characterisation of systematic effects. The impact of the magnetic environment in the Antimatter Factory, where the fountain is installed, on the performance of the fountain is considered and shown to be insignificant. The systematic fractional frequency uncertainty of the fountain is 3.0 × 10−16. The short-term frequency stability of the measured frequency from the ALPHA-HM1 maser is 1.5 × 10−13τ−1/2, whereas the fountain itself shows a stability limit of 4.7 × 10−14τ−1/2. We find a fractional frequency difference of (1.0 ± 2.2 (stat.) ± 6.5 (syst.)) ×10−16 in a comparison with Terrestrial Time via a GNSS Common View satellite link between January 2023 and June 2024. The fountain enables a significant increase in frequency precision in antihydrogen spectroscopic measurements, and paves the way for improved limits on matter–antimatter comparisons. Journal Article Metrologia 62 4 045008 IOP Publishing 0026-1394 1681-7575 caesium fountain, antihydrogen, precision measurements, primary frequency standard, atomic clocks 22 8 2025 2025-08-22 10.1088/1681-7575/adf64a COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This work was supported by the EPSRC (UK), the Carlsberg Foundation (Denmark), the European Research Council through its Grant programme (JSH) and the United States National Science Foundation under Award No. 2012117 (KG). 2025-09-12T11:38:49.4665170 2025-08-01T12:10:14.7282837 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics Janko Nauta 1 Edward Thorpe-Woods 2 J Whale 3 A Wilson 4 A N Oliveira 5 V R Marshall 6 Joos Schoonwater 7 A Ashkhasi 8 C Ø Rasmussen 0000-0002-6029-1730 9 Niels Madsen 0000-0002-7372-0784 10 J S Hangst 11 K Gibble 0000-0003-3652-9638 12 K Szymaniec 0000-0002-3523-278x 13 R J Hendricks 14 Stefan Eriksson 0000-0002-5390-1879 15 70093__35081__b2f36be79be849948e0ad9c89806107f.pdf 70093.VOR.pdf 2025-09-12T11:35:05.1801296 Output 1879161 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (CC BY 4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy
spellingShingle	Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy Janko Nauta Edward Thorpe-Woods Joos Schoonwater Niels Madsen Stefan Eriksson
title_short	Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy
title_full	Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy
title_fullStr	Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy
title_sort	Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy
author_id_str_mv	410158aa02788d739bed2e1c9a85fe7f 3cc5f90671270bb06fff8abcfc6c8f1b 015c50bdb7662cdce2dbd7ae8b72abf9 e348e4d768ee19c1d0c68ce3a66d6303 785cbd474febb1bfa9c0e14abaf9c4a8
author_id_fullname_str_mv	410158aa02788d739bed2e1c9a85fe7f_*_Janko Nauta 3cc5f90671270bb06fff8abcfc6c8f1b__Edward Thorpe-Woods 015c50bdb7662cdce2dbd7ae8b72abf9__Joos Schoonwater e348e4d768ee19c1d0c68ce3a66d6303__Niels Madsen 785cbd474febb1bfa9c0e14abaf9c4a8_**_Stefan Eriksson
author	Janko Nauta Edward Thorpe-Woods Joos Schoonwater Niels Madsen Stefan Eriksson
author2	Janko Nauta Edward Thorpe-Woods J Whale A Wilson A N Oliveira V R Marshall Joos Schoonwater A Ashkhasi C Ø Rasmussen Niels Madsen J S Hangst K Gibble K Szymaniec R J Hendricks Stefan Eriksson
format	Journal article
container_title	Metrologia
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container_issue	4
container_start_page	045008
publishDate	2025
institution	Swansea University
issn	0026-1394 1681-7575
doi_str_mv	10.1088/1681-7575/adf64a
publisher	IOP Publishing
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description	The performance of a caesium fountain frequency reference for use in precision measurements of trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA experiment at CERN is evaluated. A description of the fountain is provided together with a characterisation of systematic effects. The impact of the magnetic environment in the Antimatter Factory, where the fountain is installed, on the performance of the fountain is considered and shown to be insignificant. The systematic fractional frequency uncertainty of the fountain is 3.0 × 10−16. The short-term frequency stability of the measured frequency from the ALPHA-HM1 maser is 1.5 × 10−13τ−1/2, whereas the fountain itself shows a stability limit of 4.7 × 10−14τ−1/2. We find a fractional frequency difference of (1.0 ± 2.2 (stat.) ± 6.5 (syst.)) ×10−16 in a comparison with Terrestrial Time via a GNSS Common View satellite link between January 2023 and June 2024. The fountain enables a significant increase in frequency precision in antihydrogen spectroscopic measurements, and paves the way for improved limits on matter–antimatter comparisons.
published_date	2025-08-22T05:24:06Z
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Evaluation of a caesium fountain frequency standard for antihydrogen spectroscopy

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