The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms

Sharma, Priyanka; Richards, Charlotte; M., Jennifer Y.; Bentley, Kirsten; Razzak, Aamir; Claydon, Nicholas; Hallett, Thomas; Coutinho, Graca; Kulasekaran, Anuradha; Powell, Lydia; Stanton, Richard J.; Ferguson, Elaine L.; Thomas, David W.; Hill, Katja E.

doi:10.1080/20002297.2025.2525229

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The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms

Priyanka Sharma

, Charlotte Richards

, Jennifer Y. M. Adams

, Kirsten Bentley

, Aamir Razzak

, Nicholas Claydon

, Thomas Hallett

, Graca Coutinho

, Anuradha Kulasekaran

, Lydia Powell

, Richard J. Stanton

, Elaine L. Ferguson

, David W. Thomas

, Katja E. Hill

Journal of Oral Microbiology, Volume: 17, Issue: 1

Swansea University Author: Lydia Powell

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DOI (Published version): 10.1080/20002297.2025.2525229

Abstract

Background : Hexylresorcinol (HR) lozenges provide symptomatic relief for sore throats. Despite its recognised anaesthetic and antiseptic properties, evidence of HR bactericidal activity in these formulations is limited, being only recently described in planktonic bacteria. We defined antimicrobial/...

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Published in:	Journal of Oral Microbiology
ISSN:	2000-2297
Published:	Informa UK Limited 2025
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69957

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We defined antimicrobial/antiviral activity in planktonic and biofilm models and characterised the pharmacokinetics of HR release from lozenges. Methods : Antimicrobial activity (purified or released from lozenges) was determined against oropharyngeal pathogens using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Log10 reduction assays. Antiviral activity was determined by suspension test (EN14476). Antibiofilm effects employed minimum biofilm eradication concentration assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy. HR release from lozenges was studied in vitro and in vivo using HPLC. Results : HR exhibited MICs ≤ 16 µg/mL against 19/25 strains including: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Candida spp. Marked bactericidal activity (>3log10; >99.9% reduction) occurred within 10 minutes. Significant anti-biofilm activity was evident in streptococcal and candidal biofilms (p < 0.05). Log10 reduction in virucidal infectivity of HR in lozenges ranged from 1-log10 to 3.5-log10. In vivo, HR exhibited rapid release (within 1 minute) from lozenges into saliva. 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M.</firstname><surname>Adams</surname><orcid>0000-0002-0339-9032</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Kirsten</firstname><surname>Bentley</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6619-2098</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Aamir</firstname><surname>Razzak</surname><orcid>0009-0009-3271-8926</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Nicholas</firstname><surname>Claydon</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4151-1515</orcid><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Thomas</firstname><surname>Hallett</surname><orcid>0009-0004-5258-3022</orcid><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Graca</firstname><surname>Coutinho</surname><orcid>0000-0002-9580-5949</orcid><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Anuradha</firstname><surname>Kulasekaran</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4970-9091</orcid><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Lydia</firstname><surname>Powell</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8641-0160</orcid><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Richard J.</firstname><surname>Stanton</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6799-1182</orcid><order>11</order></author><author><firstname>Elaine L.</firstname><surname>Ferguson</surname><orcid>0000-0002-0125-0234</orcid><order>12</order></author><author><firstname>David W.</firstname><surname>Thomas</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7319-5820</orcid><order>13</order></author><author><firstname>Katja E.</firstname><surname>Hill</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8590-0117</orcid><order>14</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>69957__34756__e797beb4c8784e3e9f183e7e5e3d107d.pdf</filename><originalFilename>20002297.2025.2525229.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2025-07-14T12:12:39.5817691</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>3683895</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>© 2025 The Author(s). 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spelling	2025-07-14T12:25:24.6283177 v2 69957 2025-07-14 The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms 0e7e702952672bcbfdfd4974199202fb 0000-0002-8641-0160 Lydia Powell Lydia Powell true false 2025-07-14 MEDS Background : Hexylresorcinol (HR) lozenges provide symptomatic relief for sore throats. Despite its recognised anaesthetic and antiseptic properties, evidence of HR bactericidal activity in these formulations is limited, being only recently described in planktonic bacteria. We defined antimicrobial/antiviral activity in planktonic and biofilm models and characterised the pharmacokinetics of HR release from lozenges. Methods : Antimicrobial activity (purified or released from lozenges) was determined against oropharyngeal pathogens using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Log10 reduction assays. Antiviral activity was determined by suspension test (EN14476). Antibiofilm effects employed minimum biofilm eradication concentration assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy. HR release from lozenges was studied in vitro and in vivo using HPLC. Results : HR exhibited MICs ≤ 16 µg/mL against 19/25 strains including: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Candida spp. Marked bactericidal activity (>3log10; >99.9% reduction) occurred within 10 minutes. Significant anti-biofilm activity was evident in streptococcal and candidal biofilms (p < 0.05). Log10 reduction in virucidal infectivity of HR in lozenges ranged from 1-log10 to 3.5-log10. In vivo, HR exhibited rapid release (within 1 minute) from lozenges into saliva. Conclusion : Rapid release and antimicrobial activity of HR against oropharyngeal pathogens was evident, occurring at concentrations ≥ 2-fold lower than present in saliva, highlighting the potential application of HR in the treatment of oropharyngeal infections. Journal Article Journal of Oral Microbiology 17 1 Informa UK Limited 2000-2297 Hexylresorcinol, antimicrobial, oropharyngeal pathogens, antiviral, planktonic, biofilm 7 7 2025 2025-07-07 10.1080/20002297.2025.2525229 COLLEGE NANME Medical School COLLEGE CODE MEDS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee The work was supported by Reckitt Health Ltd, UK; Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals. 2025-07-14T12:25:24.6283177 2025-07-14T12:12:39.6018456 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science Priyanka Sharma 0000-0003-0023-4520 1 Charlotte Richards 0000-0002-4624-1155 2 Jennifer Y. M. Adams 0000-0002-0339-9032 3 Kirsten Bentley 0000-0002-6619-2098 4 Aamir Razzak 0009-0009-3271-8926 5 Nicholas Claydon 0000-0002-4151-1515 6 Thomas Hallett 0009-0004-5258-3022 7 Graca Coutinho 0000-0002-9580-5949 8 Anuradha Kulasekaran 0000-0002-4970-9091 9 Lydia Powell 0000-0002-8641-0160 10 Richard J. Stanton 0000-0002-6799-1182 11 Elaine L. Ferguson 0000-0002-0125-0234 12 David W. Thomas 0000-0001-7319-5820 13 Katja E. Hill 0000-0002-8590-0117 14 69957__34756__e797beb4c8784e3e9f183e7e5e3d107d.pdf 20002297.2025.2525229.pdf 2025-07-14T12:12:39.5817691 Output 3683895 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
title	The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms
spellingShingle	The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms Lydia Powell
title_short	The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms
title_full	The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms
title_fullStr	The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms
title_full_unstemmed	The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms
title_sort	The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms
author_id_str_mv	0e7e702952672bcbfdfd4974199202fb
author_id_fullname_str_mv	0e7e702952672bcbfdfd4974199202fb_***_Lydia Powell
author	Lydia Powell
author2	Priyanka Sharma Charlotte Richards Jennifer Y. M. Adams Kirsten Bentley Aamir Razzak Nicholas Claydon Thomas Hallett Graca Coutinho Anuradha Kulasekaran Lydia Powell Richard J. Stanton Elaine L. Ferguson David W. Thomas Katja E. Hill
format	Journal article
container_title	Journal of Oral Microbiology
container_volume	17
container_issue	1
publishDate	2025
institution	Swansea University
issn	2000-2297
doi_str_mv	10.1080/20002297.2025.2525229
publisher	Informa UK Limited
college_str	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id	facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id	facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str	Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science
document_store_str	1
active_str	0
description	Background : Hexylresorcinol (HR) lozenges provide symptomatic relief for sore throats. Despite its recognised anaesthetic and antiseptic properties, evidence of HR bactericidal activity in these formulations is limited, being only recently described in planktonic bacteria. We defined antimicrobial/antiviral activity in planktonic and biofilm models and characterised the pharmacokinetics of HR release from lozenges. Methods : Antimicrobial activity (purified or released from lozenges) was determined against oropharyngeal pathogens using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Log10 reduction assays. Antiviral activity was determined by suspension test (EN14476). Antibiofilm effects employed minimum biofilm eradication concentration assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy. HR release from lozenges was studied in vitro and in vivo using HPLC. Results : HR exhibited MICs ≤ 16 µg/mL against 19/25 strains including: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Candida spp. Marked bactericidal activity (>3log10; >99.9% reduction) occurred within 10 minutes. Significant anti-biofilm activity was evident in streptococcal and candidal biofilms (p < 0.05). Log10 reduction in virucidal infectivity of HR in lozenges ranged from 1-log10 to 3.5-log10. In vivo, HR exhibited rapid release (within 1 minute) from lozenges into saliva. Conclusion : Rapid release and antimicrobial activity of HR against oropharyngeal pathogens was evident, occurring at concentrations ≥ 2-fold lower than present in saliva, highlighting the potential application of HR in the treatment of oropharyngeal infections.
published_date	2025-07-07T05:31:12Z
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score	11.096089

The pharmacokinetics of hexylresorcinol-containing lozenges and their antimicrobial efficacy against oral and respiratory microorganisms

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