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Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies

Chloe Mellor, Rochelle Embling, Menna Price Orcid Logo, Milena Rundle, Alexandra Meynier, Sophie Vinoy, Laura Wilkinson Orcid Logo

Food Quality and Preference, Volume: 131, Start page: 105557

Swansea University Authors: Chloe Mellor, Rochelle Embling, Menna Price Orcid Logo, Laura Wilkinson Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105557

Abstract

Snacking episodes can be defined as food and drink that are consumed between mealtimes. Snacking episodes can differ greatly in nutrient and energy content, having the potential to influence diet quality and, in turn, health. This systematic review aimed to understand the impact that the energy dens...

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Published in: Food Quality and Preference
ISSN: 0950-3293 1873-6343
Published: Elsevier BV 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69360
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Snacking episodes can differ greatly in nutrient and energy content, having the potential to influence diet quality and, in turn, health. This systematic review aimed to understand the impact that the energy density of snacking episodes has on eating behaviour outcomes. Objective outcome measures included ad libitum snack intake and daily energy intake, and subjective measures included self-assessed hunger and satisfaction. Eight databases were searched based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify peer-reviewed experimental studies with adult populations. Across the ten eligible studies, seven assessed hunger, five assessed fullness, one assessed overall satiety, five assessed desire to eat/prospective food consumption, and eight assessed energy intake, ad libitum intake/compensation with respect to the impact of snacking episodes' energy density. The weight of the evidence suggested that the energy density of snacking episodes has little effect on eating behaviour outcomes, with limited evidence suggesting that higher energy density snacking episodes could result in higher satiety levels and influence fullness levels but only at specific time points. Risk of confound was high, including little control over volume and sensory characteristics across studies, particularly those reporting significant effects. Overall, this literature would benefit from using standardised snacking comparisons, to confidently identify the impacts of energy density for snacking episodes on eating behaviour outcomes. 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spelling 2025-05-12T16:46:15.2922683 v2 69360 2025-04-26 Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies 365b5478dd985766326ddb6e3f993c35 Chloe Mellor Chloe Mellor true false ebe50ef830ed9bc9aacf76cb791f898f Rochelle Embling Rochelle Embling true false e8d0f85a0d2762328c906c75b1d154b7 0000-0002-0025-0881 Menna Price Menna Price true false 07aeb47532af5a8421686d4f22f4a226 0000-0002-8093-0843 Laura Wilkinson Laura Wilkinson true false 2025-04-26 Snacking episodes can be defined as food and drink that are consumed between mealtimes. Snacking episodes can differ greatly in nutrient and energy content, having the potential to influence diet quality and, in turn, health. This systematic review aimed to understand the impact that the energy density of snacking episodes has on eating behaviour outcomes. Objective outcome measures included ad libitum snack intake and daily energy intake, and subjective measures included self-assessed hunger and satisfaction. Eight databases were searched based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify peer-reviewed experimental studies with adult populations. Across the ten eligible studies, seven assessed hunger, five assessed fullness, one assessed overall satiety, five assessed desire to eat/prospective food consumption, and eight assessed energy intake, ad libitum intake/compensation with respect to the impact of snacking episodes' energy density. The weight of the evidence suggested that the energy density of snacking episodes has little effect on eating behaviour outcomes, with limited evidence suggesting that higher energy density snacking episodes could result in higher satiety levels and influence fullness levels but only at specific time points. Risk of confound was high, including little control over volume and sensory characteristics across studies, particularly those reporting significant effects. Overall, this literature would benefit from using standardised snacking comparisons, to confidently identify the impacts of energy density for snacking episodes on eating behaviour outcomes. Findings could inform future studies that aim to understand the formulation of snacking episode considering energy density, to benefit diet quality whilst maintaining consumer satisfaction. Journal Article Food Quality and Preference 131 105557 Elsevier BV 0950-3293 1873-6343 Systematic review; Energy density; Snacking episodes 1 10 2025 2025-10-01 10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105557 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This research was supported by the BBSRC with an additional contribution from Mondelez International. 2025-05-12T16:46:15.2922683 2025-04-26T19:50:08.0732674 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Chloe Mellor 1 Rochelle Embling 2 Menna Price 0000-0002-0025-0881 3 Milena Rundle 4 Alexandra Meynier 5 Sophie Vinoy 6 Laura Wilkinson 0000-0002-8093-0843 7 69360__34255__f900e0b9259d4c4cb4e9f7f64ccfb44d.pdf 69360.VoR.pdf 2025-05-12T16:44:04.9143432 Output 772056 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies
spellingShingle Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies
Chloe Mellor
Rochelle Embling
Menna Price
Laura Wilkinson
title_short Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies
title_full Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies
title_fullStr Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies
title_full_unstemmed Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies
title_sort Energy density of snacking episodes and eating behaviour: A systematic review of experimental studies
author_id_str_mv 365b5478dd985766326ddb6e3f993c35
ebe50ef830ed9bc9aacf76cb791f898f
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author_id_fullname_str_mv 365b5478dd985766326ddb6e3f993c35_***_Chloe Mellor
ebe50ef830ed9bc9aacf76cb791f898f_***_Rochelle Embling
e8d0f85a0d2762328c906c75b1d154b7_***_Menna Price
07aeb47532af5a8421686d4f22f4a226_***_Laura Wilkinson
author Chloe Mellor
Rochelle Embling
Menna Price
Laura Wilkinson
author2 Chloe Mellor
Rochelle Embling
Menna Price
Milena Rundle
Alexandra Meynier
Sophie Vinoy
Laura Wilkinson
format Journal article
container_title Food Quality and Preference
container_volume 131
container_start_page 105557
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 0950-3293
1873-6343
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105557
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
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description Snacking episodes can be defined as food and drink that are consumed between mealtimes. Snacking episodes can differ greatly in nutrient and energy content, having the potential to influence diet quality and, in turn, health. This systematic review aimed to understand the impact that the energy density of snacking episodes has on eating behaviour outcomes. Objective outcome measures included ad libitum snack intake and daily energy intake, and subjective measures included self-assessed hunger and satisfaction. Eight databases were searched based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify peer-reviewed experimental studies with adult populations. Across the ten eligible studies, seven assessed hunger, five assessed fullness, one assessed overall satiety, five assessed desire to eat/prospective food consumption, and eight assessed energy intake, ad libitum intake/compensation with respect to the impact of snacking episodes' energy density. The weight of the evidence suggested that the energy density of snacking episodes has little effect on eating behaviour outcomes, with limited evidence suggesting that higher energy density snacking episodes could result in higher satiety levels and influence fullness levels but only at specific time points. Risk of confound was high, including little control over volume and sensory characteristics across studies, particularly those reporting significant effects. Overall, this literature would benefit from using standardised snacking comparisons, to confidently identify the impacts of energy density for snacking episodes on eating behaviour outcomes. Findings could inform future studies that aim to understand the formulation of snacking episode considering energy density, to benefit diet quality whilst maintaining consumer satisfaction.
published_date 2025-10-01T05:27:58Z
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