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The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results

Katrina A.S. Davis Orcid Logo, Jonathan R.I. Coleman Orcid Logo, Mark Adams Orcid Logo, Gerome Breen, Na Cai Orcid Logo, Helena L. Davies, Kelly Davies, Alexandru Dregan, Thalia C. Eley, Elaine Fox Orcid Logo, Jo Holliday, Christopher Hübel, Ann John Orcid Logo, Aliyah S. Kassam, Matthew J. Kempton, William Lee, Danyang Li Orcid Logo, Jared Maina Orcid Logo, Rose McCabe, Andrew M. McIntosh Orcid Logo, Sian Oram, Marcus Richards, Megan Skelton, Fenella Starkey, Abigail R. ter Kuile, Laura M. Thornton, Rujia Wang Orcid Logo, Zhaoying Yu Orcid Logo, Johan Zvrskovec Orcid Logo, Matthew Hotopf

PLOS One, Volume: 20, Issue: 5, Start page: e0324189

Swansea University Author: Ann John Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pone.0324189

Abstract

Background: This paper introduces the UK Biobank (UKB) second mental health questionnaire (MHQ2), describes its design, the respondents and some notable findings. UKB is a large cohort study with over 500,000 volunteer participants aged 40-69 years when recruited in 2006-2010. It is an important res...

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ISSN: 1932-6203
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2025-06-10T10:47:12.0001193</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>69331</id><entry>2025-04-23</entry><title>The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>ed8a9c37bd7b7235b762d941ef18ee55</sid><ORCID>0000-0002-5657-6995</ORCID><firstname>Ann</firstname><surname>John</surname><name>Ann John</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2025-04-23</date><deptcode>MEDS</deptcode><abstract>Background: This paper introduces the UK Biobank (UKB) second mental health questionnaire (MHQ2), describes its design, the respondents and some notable findings. UKB is a large cohort study with over 500,000 volunteer participants aged 40-69 years when recruited in 2006-2010. It is an important resource of extensive health, genetic and biomarker data. Enhancements to UKB enrich the data available. MHQ2 is an enhancement designed to enable and facilitate research with psychosocial and mental health aspects. Methods: UKB sent participants a link to MHQ2 by email in October-November 2022. The MHQ2 was designed by a multi-institutional consortium to build on MHQ1. It characterises lifetime depression further, adds data on panic disorder and eating disorders, repeats &#x2018;current&#x2019; mental health measures and updates information about social circumstances. It includes established measures, such as the PHQ-9 for current depression and CIDI-SF for lifetime panic, as well as bespoke questions. Algorithms and R code were developed to facilitate analysis. Results: At the time of analysis, MHQ2 results were available for 169,253 UKB participants, of whom 111,275 had also completed the earlier MHQ1. Characteristics of respondents and the whole UKB cohort are compared. The major phenotypes are lifetime: depression (18%); panic disorder (4.0%); a specific eating disorder (2.8%); and bipolar affective disorder I (0.4%). All mental disorders are found less with older age and also seem to be related to selected social factors. In those participants who answered both MHQ1 (2016) and MHQ2 (2022), current mental health measure showed that fewer respondents have harmful alcohol use than in 2016 (relative risk 0.84), but current depression (RR 1.07) and anxiety (RR 0.98) have not fallen, as might have been expected given the relationship with age. We also compare lifetime concepts for test-retest reliability. Conclusions: There are some drawbacks to UKB due to its lack of population representativeness, but where the research question does not depend on this, it offers exceptional resources that any researcher can apply to access. This paper has just scratched the surface of the results from MHQ2 and how this can be combined with other tranches of UKB data, but we predict it will enable many future discoveries about mental health and health in general.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>PLOS One</journal><volume>20</volume><journalNumber>5</journalNumber><paginationStart>e0324189</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>1932-6203</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>28</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2025</publishedYear><publishedDate>2025-05-28</publishedDate><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0324189</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Medical School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MEDS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>Another institution paid the OA fee</apcterm><funders>No specific funding was received for this work. KASD was supported by the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and King&#x2019;s College London (NIHR203318, https://www.maudsleybrc.nihr.ac.uk/about-us.html)</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2025-06-10T10:47:12.0001193</lastEdited><Created>2025-04-23T12:21:30.9301318</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Katrina A.S.</firstname><surname>Davis</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5945-4646</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Jonathan R.I.</firstname><surname>Coleman</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6759-0944</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Mark</firstname><surname>Adams</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3599-6018</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Gerome</firstname><surname>Breen</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Na</firstname><surname>Cai</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7496-2075</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Helena L.</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Kelly</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Alexandru</firstname><surname>Dregan</surname><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Thalia C.</firstname><surname>Eley</surname><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Elaine</firstname><surname>Fox</surname><orcid>0000-0002-2464-0462</orcid><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Jo</firstname><surname>Holliday</surname><order>11</order></author><author><firstname>Christopher</firstname><surname>H&#xFC;bel</surname><order>12</order></author><author><firstname>Ann</firstname><surname>John</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5657-6995</orcid><order>13</order></author><author><firstname>Aliyah S.</firstname><surname>Kassam</surname><order>14</order></author><author><firstname>Matthew J.</firstname><surname>Kempton</surname><order>15</order></author><author><firstname>William</firstname><surname>Lee</surname><order>16</order></author><author><firstname>Danyang</firstname><surname>Li</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7470-6645</orcid><order>17</order></author><author><firstname>Jared</firstname><surname>Maina</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3474-9840</orcid><order>18</order></author><author><firstname>Rose</firstname><surname>McCabe</surname><order>19</order></author><author><firstname>Andrew M.</firstname><surname>McIntosh</surname><orcid>0000-0002-0198-4588</orcid><order>20</order></author><author><firstname>Sian</firstname><surname>Oram</surname><order>21</order></author><author><firstname>Marcus</firstname><surname>Richards</surname><order>22</order></author><author><firstname>Megan</firstname><surname>Skelton</surname><order>23</order></author><author><firstname>Fenella</firstname><surname>Starkey</surname><order>24</order></author><author><firstname>Abigail R. ter</firstname><surname>Kuile</surname><order>25</order></author><author><firstname>Laura M.</firstname><surname>Thornton</surname><order>26</order></author><author><firstname>Rujia</firstname><surname>Wang</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2574-990x</orcid><order>27</order></author><author><firstname>Zhaoying</firstname><surname>Yu</surname><orcid>0009-0008-3166-5191</orcid><order>28</order></author><author><firstname>Johan</firstname><surname>Zvrskovec</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8862-0874</orcid><order>29</order></author><author><firstname>Matthew</firstname><surname>Hotopf</surname><order>30</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>69331__34442__5cada891ab2f4e308ca31f33264cf26e.pdf</filename><originalFilename>69331.VOR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2025-06-10T10:43:35.5001223</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>1235164</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2025 Davis et al. 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spelling 2025-06-10T10:47:12.0001193 v2 69331 2025-04-23 The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results ed8a9c37bd7b7235b762d941ef18ee55 0000-0002-5657-6995 Ann John Ann John true false 2025-04-23 MEDS Background: This paper introduces the UK Biobank (UKB) second mental health questionnaire (MHQ2), describes its design, the respondents and some notable findings. UKB is a large cohort study with over 500,000 volunteer participants aged 40-69 years when recruited in 2006-2010. It is an important resource of extensive health, genetic and biomarker data. Enhancements to UKB enrich the data available. MHQ2 is an enhancement designed to enable and facilitate research with psychosocial and mental health aspects. Methods: UKB sent participants a link to MHQ2 by email in October-November 2022. The MHQ2 was designed by a multi-institutional consortium to build on MHQ1. It characterises lifetime depression further, adds data on panic disorder and eating disorders, repeats ‘current’ mental health measures and updates information about social circumstances. It includes established measures, such as the PHQ-9 for current depression and CIDI-SF for lifetime panic, as well as bespoke questions. Algorithms and R code were developed to facilitate analysis. Results: At the time of analysis, MHQ2 results were available for 169,253 UKB participants, of whom 111,275 had also completed the earlier MHQ1. Characteristics of respondents and the whole UKB cohort are compared. The major phenotypes are lifetime: depression (18%); panic disorder (4.0%); a specific eating disorder (2.8%); and bipolar affective disorder I (0.4%). All mental disorders are found less with older age and also seem to be related to selected social factors. In those participants who answered both MHQ1 (2016) and MHQ2 (2022), current mental health measure showed that fewer respondents have harmful alcohol use than in 2016 (relative risk 0.84), but current depression (RR 1.07) and anxiety (RR 0.98) have not fallen, as might have been expected given the relationship with age. We also compare lifetime concepts for test-retest reliability. Conclusions: There are some drawbacks to UKB due to its lack of population representativeness, but where the research question does not depend on this, it offers exceptional resources that any researcher can apply to access. This paper has just scratched the surface of the results from MHQ2 and how this can be combined with other tranches of UKB data, but we predict it will enable many future discoveries about mental health and health in general. Journal Article PLOS One 20 5 e0324189 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1932-6203 28 5 2025 2025-05-28 10.1371/journal.pone.0324189 COLLEGE NANME Medical School COLLEGE CODE MEDS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee No specific funding was received for this work. KASD was supported by the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and King’s College London (NIHR203318, https://www.maudsleybrc.nihr.ac.uk/about-us.html) 2025-06-10T10:47:12.0001193 2025-04-23T12:21:30.9301318 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science Katrina A.S. Davis 0000-0001-5945-4646 1 Jonathan R.I. Coleman 0000-0002-6759-0944 2 Mark Adams 0000-0002-3599-6018 3 Gerome Breen 4 Na Cai 0000-0001-7496-2075 5 Helena L. Davies 6 Kelly Davies 7 Alexandru Dregan 8 Thalia C. Eley 9 Elaine Fox 0000-0002-2464-0462 10 Jo Holliday 11 Christopher Hübel 12 Ann John 0000-0002-5657-6995 13 Aliyah S. Kassam 14 Matthew J. Kempton 15 William Lee 16 Danyang Li 0000-0001-7470-6645 17 Jared Maina 0000-0002-3474-9840 18 Rose McCabe 19 Andrew M. McIntosh 0000-0002-0198-4588 20 Sian Oram 21 Marcus Richards 22 Megan Skelton 23 Fenella Starkey 24 Abigail R. ter Kuile 25 Laura M. Thornton 26 Rujia Wang 0000-0003-2574-990x 27 Zhaoying Yu 0009-0008-3166-5191 28 Johan Zvrskovec 0000-0002-8862-0874 29 Matthew Hotopf 30 69331__34442__5cada891ab2f4e308ca31f33264cf26e.pdf 69331.VOR.pdf 2025-06-10T10:43:35.5001223 Output 1235164 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 Davis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results
spellingShingle The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results
Ann John
title_short The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results
title_full The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results
title_fullStr The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results
title_full_unstemmed The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results
title_sort The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results
author_id_str_mv ed8a9c37bd7b7235b762d941ef18ee55
author_id_fullname_str_mv ed8a9c37bd7b7235b762d941ef18ee55_***_Ann John
author Ann John
author2 Katrina A.S. Davis
Jonathan R.I. Coleman
Mark Adams
Gerome Breen
Na Cai
Helena L. Davies
Kelly Davies
Alexandru Dregan
Thalia C. Eley
Elaine Fox
Jo Holliday
Christopher Hübel
Ann John
Aliyah S. Kassam
Matthew J. Kempton
William Lee
Danyang Li
Jared Maina
Rose McCabe
Andrew M. McIntosh
Sian Oram
Marcus Richards
Megan Skelton
Fenella Starkey
Abigail R. ter Kuile
Laura M. Thornton
Rujia Wang
Zhaoying Yu
Johan Zvrskovec
Matthew Hotopf
format Journal article
container_title PLOS One
container_volume 20
container_issue 5
container_start_page e0324189
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 1932-6203
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0324189
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science
document_store_str 1
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description Background: This paper introduces the UK Biobank (UKB) second mental health questionnaire (MHQ2), describes its design, the respondents and some notable findings. UKB is a large cohort study with over 500,000 volunteer participants aged 40-69 years when recruited in 2006-2010. It is an important resource of extensive health, genetic and biomarker data. Enhancements to UKB enrich the data available. MHQ2 is an enhancement designed to enable and facilitate research with psychosocial and mental health aspects. Methods: UKB sent participants a link to MHQ2 by email in October-November 2022. The MHQ2 was designed by a multi-institutional consortium to build on MHQ1. It characterises lifetime depression further, adds data on panic disorder and eating disorders, repeats ‘current’ mental health measures and updates information about social circumstances. It includes established measures, such as the PHQ-9 for current depression and CIDI-SF for lifetime panic, as well as bespoke questions. Algorithms and R code were developed to facilitate analysis. Results: At the time of analysis, MHQ2 results were available for 169,253 UKB participants, of whom 111,275 had also completed the earlier MHQ1. Characteristics of respondents and the whole UKB cohort are compared. The major phenotypes are lifetime: depression (18%); panic disorder (4.0%); a specific eating disorder (2.8%); and bipolar affective disorder I (0.4%). All mental disorders are found less with older age and also seem to be related to selected social factors. In those participants who answered both MHQ1 (2016) and MHQ2 (2022), current mental health measure showed that fewer respondents have harmful alcohol use than in 2016 (relative risk 0.84), but current depression (RR 1.07) and anxiety (RR 0.98) have not fallen, as might have been expected given the relationship with age. We also compare lifetime concepts for test-retest reliability. Conclusions: There are some drawbacks to UKB due to its lack of population representativeness, but where the research question does not depend on this, it offers exceptional resources that any researcher can apply to access. This paper has just scratched the surface of the results from MHQ2 and how this can be combined with other tranches of UKB data, but we predict it will enable many future discoveries about mental health and health in general.
published_date 2025-05-28T14:15:31Z
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