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The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)

William Hutchison Orcid Logo, Patrick Sugden, Andrea Burke Orcid Logo, Peter Abbott Orcid Logo, Vera V. Ponomareva Orcid Logo, Oleg Dirksen Orcid Logo, Maxim V. Portnyagin Orcid Logo, Breanyn MacInnes, Joanne Bourgeois, Ben Fitzhugh, Magali Verkerk Orcid Logo, Thomas J. Aubry, Samantha L. Engwell, Anders Svensson, Nathan J. Chellman Orcid Logo, Joseph R. McConnell Orcid Logo, Siwan Davies Orcid Logo, Michael Sigl, Gill Plunkett Orcid Logo

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume: 122, Issue: 1

Swansea University Authors: Peter Abbott Orcid Logo, Siwan Davies Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1073/pnas.2416699122

Abstract

Polar ice cores and historical records evidence a large-magnitude volcanic eruption in 1831 CE. This event was estimated to have injected ~13 Tg of sulfur (S) into the stratosphere which produced various atmospheric optical phenomena and led to Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of ~1 °C. The sourc...

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Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
ISSN: 0027-8424 1091-6490
Published: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68574
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This event was estimated to have injected ~13 Tg of sulfur (S) into the stratosphere which produced various atmospheric optical phenomena and led to Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of ~1 &#xB0;C. The source of this volcanic event remains enigmatic, though one hypothesis has linked it to a modest phreatomagmatic eruption of Ferdinandea in the Strait of Sicily, which may have emitted additional S through magma&#x2013;crust interactions with evaporite rocks. Here, we undertake a high-resolution multiproxy geochemical analysis of ice-core archives spanning the 1831 CE volcanic event. S isotopes confirm a major Northern Hemisphere stratospheric eruption but, importantly, rule out significant contributions from external evaporite S. In multiple ice cores, we identify cryptotephra layers of low K andesite-dacite glass shards occurring in summer 1831 CE and immediately prior to the stratospheric S fallout. This tephra matches the chemistry of the youngest Plinian eruption of Zavaritskii, a remote nested caldera on Simushir Island (Kurils). Radiocarbon ages confirm a recent (&lt;300 y) eruption of Zavaritskii, and erupted volume estimates are consistent with a magnitude 5 to 6 event. The reconstructed radiative forcing of Zavaritskii (&#x2212;2 &#xB1; 1 W m&#x2212;2) is comparable to the 1991 CE Pinatubo eruption and can readily account for the climate cooling in 1831&#x2013;1833 CE. 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Hutchison is funded by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/S033505/1). A. Burke is funded by a Philip Leverhulme prize in Earth Sciences (PLP-2021-167) from the Leverhulme Trust. P. Abbott and M. Sigl received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union&#x2019;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 820047). V. Ponomareva and O. Dirksen acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation grant #22-17-10074 which funded the analysis of proximal Zavaritskii materials and their work on the manuscript. B. MacInnes, J. Bourgeois, and B. Fitzhugh acknowledge funding from the Kuril Biocomplexity Project (U.S. NSF grant ACR-0508109). M. Verkerk is funded by a doctoral scholarship from the Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy of the University of Exeter. S.L. Engwell was supported by the NC-ODA grant NE/R000069/1: Geoscience for Sustainable Futures and publishes with permission of the CEO, British Geological Survey. S. Davies acknowledges support from a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Fellowship. Collection, initial chemical analyses, and chronology development of the NEEM-2011-S1, Tunu2013, Summit2010, D4, and WDC06A ice cores were funded by grants to J. McConnell from the U.S. NSF. 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spelling 2025-01-30T13:26:25.7321153 v2 68574 2024-12-16 The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils) 26d7380e67d377820751431c8078bb83 0000-0002-6347-9499 Peter Abbott Peter Abbott true false b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec 0000-0003-0999-7233 Siwan Davies Siwan Davies true false 2024-12-16 BGPS Polar ice cores and historical records evidence a large-magnitude volcanic eruption in 1831 CE. This event was estimated to have injected ~13 Tg of sulfur (S) into the stratosphere which produced various atmospheric optical phenomena and led to Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of ~1 °C. The source of this volcanic event remains enigmatic, though one hypothesis has linked it to a modest phreatomagmatic eruption of Ferdinandea in the Strait of Sicily, which may have emitted additional S through magma–crust interactions with evaporite rocks. Here, we undertake a high-resolution multiproxy geochemical analysis of ice-core archives spanning the 1831 CE volcanic event. S isotopes confirm a major Northern Hemisphere stratospheric eruption but, importantly, rule out significant contributions from external evaporite S. In multiple ice cores, we identify cryptotephra layers of low K andesite-dacite glass shards occurring in summer 1831 CE and immediately prior to the stratospheric S fallout. This tephra matches the chemistry of the youngest Plinian eruption of Zavaritskii, a remote nested caldera on Simushir Island (Kurils). Radiocarbon ages confirm a recent (<300 y) eruption of Zavaritskii, and erupted volume estimates are consistent with a magnitude 5 to 6 event. The reconstructed radiative forcing of Zavaritskii (−2 ± 1 W m−2) is comparable to the 1991 CE Pinatubo eruption and can readily account for the climate cooling in 1831–1833 CE. These data provide compelling evidence that Zavaritskii was the source of the 1831 CE mystery eruption and solve a confounding case of multiple closely spaced observed and unobserved volcanic eruptions. Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 0027-8424 1091-6490 7 1 2025 2025-01-07 10.1073/pnas.2416699122 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee W. Hutchison is funded by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/S033505/1). A. Burke is funded by a Philip Leverhulme prize in Earth Sciences (PLP-2021-167) from the Leverhulme Trust. P. Abbott and M. Sigl received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 820047). V. Ponomareva and O. Dirksen acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation grant #22-17-10074 which funded the analysis of proximal Zavaritskii materials and their work on the manuscript. B. MacInnes, J. Bourgeois, and B. Fitzhugh acknowledge funding from the Kuril Biocomplexity Project (U.S. NSF grant ACR-0508109). M. Verkerk is funded by a doctoral scholarship from the Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy of the University of Exeter. S.L. Engwell was supported by the NC-ODA grant NE/R000069/1: Geoscience for Sustainable Futures and publishes with permission of the CEO, British Geological Survey. S. Davies acknowledges support from a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Fellowship. Collection, initial chemical analyses, and chronology development of the NEEM-2011-S1, Tunu2013, Summit2010, D4, and WDC06A ice cores were funded by grants to J. McConnell from the U.S. NSF. The St Andrews EPMA was supported by the EPSRC Light Element Analysis Facility Grant EP/T019298/1 and the EPSRC Strategic Equipment Resource Grant EP/R023751/1. 2025-01-30T13:26:25.7321153 2024-12-16T10:54:14.7970977 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography William Hutchison 0000-0002-5456-3277 1 Patrick Sugden 2 Andrea Burke 0000-0002-3754-1498 3 Peter Abbott 0000-0002-6347-9499 4 Vera V. Ponomareva 0000-0001-6771-9923 5 Oleg Dirksen 0009-0008-5736-0978 6 Maxim V. Portnyagin 0000-0001-5197-6562 7 Breanyn MacInnes 8 Joanne Bourgeois 9 Ben Fitzhugh 10 Magali Verkerk 0009-0008-2596-9447 11 Thomas J. Aubry 12 Samantha L. Engwell 13 Anders Svensson 14 Nathan J. Chellman 0000-0002-1117-1046 15 Joseph R. McConnell 0000-0001-9051-5240 16 Siwan Davies 0000-0003-0999-7233 17 Michael Sigl 18 Gill Plunkett 0000-0003-1014-3454 19 68574__33230__d4cfe220a6fe4479a57fa5f1feaeee89.pdf hutchison-et-al-2024-the-1831-ce-mystery-eruption-identified-as-zavaritskii-caldera-simushir-island-(kurils).pdf 2025-01-02T13:37:58.8414758 Output 1736213 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)
spellingShingle The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)
Peter Abbott
Siwan Davies
title_short The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)
title_full The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)
title_fullStr The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)
title_full_unstemmed The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)
title_sort The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)
author_id_str_mv 26d7380e67d377820751431c8078bb83
b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec
author_id_fullname_str_mv 26d7380e67d377820751431c8078bb83_***_Peter Abbott
b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec_***_Siwan Davies
author Peter Abbott
Siwan Davies
author2 William Hutchison
Patrick Sugden
Andrea Burke
Peter Abbott
Vera V. Ponomareva
Oleg Dirksen
Maxim V. Portnyagin
Breanyn MacInnes
Joanne Bourgeois
Ben Fitzhugh
Magali Verkerk
Thomas J. Aubry
Samantha L. Engwell
Anders Svensson
Nathan J. Chellman
Joseph R. McConnell
Siwan Davies
Michael Sigl
Gill Plunkett
format Journal article
container_title Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
container_volume 122
container_issue 1
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 0027-8424
1091-6490
doi_str_mv 10.1073/pnas.2416699122
publisher Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Polar ice cores and historical records evidence a large-magnitude volcanic eruption in 1831 CE. This event was estimated to have injected ~13 Tg of sulfur (S) into the stratosphere which produced various atmospheric optical phenomena and led to Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of ~1 °C. The source of this volcanic event remains enigmatic, though one hypothesis has linked it to a modest phreatomagmatic eruption of Ferdinandea in the Strait of Sicily, which may have emitted additional S through magma–crust interactions with evaporite rocks. Here, we undertake a high-resolution multiproxy geochemical analysis of ice-core archives spanning the 1831 CE volcanic event. S isotopes confirm a major Northern Hemisphere stratospheric eruption but, importantly, rule out significant contributions from external evaporite S. In multiple ice cores, we identify cryptotephra layers of low K andesite-dacite glass shards occurring in summer 1831 CE and immediately prior to the stratospheric S fallout. This tephra matches the chemistry of the youngest Plinian eruption of Zavaritskii, a remote nested caldera on Simushir Island (Kurils). Radiocarbon ages confirm a recent (<300 y) eruption of Zavaritskii, and erupted volume estimates are consistent with a magnitude 5 to 6 event. The reconstructed radiative forcing of Zavaritskii (−2 ± 1 W m−2) is comparable to the 1991 CE Pinatubo eruption and can readily account for the climate cooling in 1831–1833 CE. These data provide compelling evidence that Zavaritskii was the source of the 1831 CE mystery eruption and solve a confounding case of multiple closely spaced observed and unobserved volcanic eruptions.
published_date 2025-01-07T08:26:22Z
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