Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics

Burridge, Nick; Burwell, Gregory; Sandberg, Oskar; Armin, Ardalan; Meredith, Paul

doi:10.1002/aelm.202400645

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Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics

Nick Burridge, Gregory Burwell

, Oskar Sandberg

, Ardalan Armin, Paul Meredith

Advanced Electronic Materials, Start page: 2400645

Swansea University Authors: Nick Burridge, Gregory Burwell , Oskar Sandberg , Ardalan Armin, Paul Meredith

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DOI (Published version): 10.1002/aelm.202400645

Abstract

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are integral components in optoelectronic devices, facilitating both light transmission and electrical conduction. Over the past four decades, substantial advancements have been made in TCE materials, including transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) such as ind...

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Published in:	Advanced Electronic Materials
ISSN:	2199-160X 2199-160X
Published:	Wiley 2024
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68348

first_indexed	2024-11-27T13:46:53Z
last_indexed	2025-02-26T05:54:47Z
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Over the past four decades, substantial advancements have been made in TCE materials, including transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which remain dominant technologies in practical applications. Despite these advancements, current TCEs exhibit relatively high sheet resistance (Rsheet), posing a significant barrier to the scale-up of solution-processed devices such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This work addresses the scaling limitations of TCEs in OPVs by proposing the integration of a TCE with a metallic grid (g-TCE) to mitigate the high Rsheet issue. The performance of g-TCEs in OPVs is evaluated across various irradiance levels and TCE Rsheet values. Additionally, a novel, unitless figure-of-merit tailored to specific PV devices is introduced, which enables benchmarking beyond traditional TCE FoMs. Exemplifications of g-TCEs include aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO), which has an equivalent Rsheet of 0.5 Ω □−1, while maintaining an average visible transmittance exceeding 77%, outperforming all state-of-the-art monolithic TCE materials. These findings demonstrate that g-TCEs present a viable pathway for the development of large-area, solution-processed PV devices.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Advanced Electronic Materials</journal><volume>0</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>2400645</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Wiley</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>2199-160X</issnPrint><issnElectronic>2199-160X</issnElectronic><keywords>Organic photovoltaics, solution-processed photovoltaics, transparent conductive electrodes</keywords><publishedDay>5</publishedDay><publishedMonth>12</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-12-05</publishedDate><doi>10.1002/aelm.202400645</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Biosciences Geography and Physics School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>BGPS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>This work was funded through the Welsh Government's Sêr Cymru II Program “Sustainable Advanced Materials” (Welsh European Funding Office − European Regional Development Fund). P.M. is a Sêr Cymru II Research Chair and A.A. was a Rising Star Fellow also funded through the Welsh Government's Sêr Cymru II “Sustainable Advanced Materials” Program (European Regional Development Fund, Welsh European Funding Office, and Swansea University Strategic Initiative). NB is funded through a DTP EP/T517987/1, part-funded by NSG Pilkington. This work was also funded by UKRI through the EPSRC Program Grant EP/T028513/1 Application Targeted and Integrated Photovoltaics and the UKRI Research England RPIF Programme (Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials). O.J.S. is an Academy Research Fellow and acknowledges funding from the Research Council of Finland through project #357196. The authors also acknowledge the intellectual contributions of Prof Su Varma (NSG Pilkington) to this work. The contributions of SPTS Technologies Ltd (a KLA company), to the discussions around the MVD processes are also acknowledged. 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spelling	2025-02-25T09:17:48.9759104 v2 68348 2024-11-27 Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics 1873cb3e3b5b137640ce5995586c8723 Nick Burridge Nick Burridge true false 49890fbfbe127d4ae94bc10dc2b24199 0000-0002-2534-9626 Gregory Burwell Gregory Burwell true false 9e91512a54d5aee66cd77851a96ba747 0000-0003-3778-8746 Oskar Sandberg Oskar Sandberg true false 22b270622d739d81e131bec7a819e2fd Ardalan Armin Ardalan Armin true false 31e8fe57fa180d418afd48c3af280c2e 0000-0002-9049-7414 Paul Meredith Paul Meredith true false 2024-11-27 BGPS Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are integral components in optoelectronic devices, facilitating both light transmission and electrical conduction. Over the past four decades, substantial advancements have been made in TCE materials, including transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which remain dominant technologies in practical applications. Despite these advancements, current TCEs exhibit relatively high sheet resistance (Rsheet), posing a significant barrier to the scale-up of solution-processed devices such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This work addresses the scaling limitations of TCEs in OPVs by proposing the integration of a TCE with a metallic grid (g-TCE) to mitigate the high Rsheet issue. The performance of g-TCEs in OPVs is evaluated across various irradiance levels and TCE Rsheet values. Additionally, a novel, unitless figure-of-merit tailored to specific PV devices is introduced, which enables benchmarking beyond traditional TCE FoMs. Exemplifications of g-TCEs include aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO), which has an equivalent Rsheet of 0.5 Ω □−1, while maintaining an average visible transmittance exceeding 77%, outperforming all state-of-the-art monolithic TCE materials. These findings demonstrate that g-TCEs present a viable pathway for the development of large-area, solution-processed PV devices. Journal Article Advanced Electronic Materials 0 2400645 Wiley 2199-160X 2199-160X Organic photovoltaics, solution-processed photovoltaics, transparent conductive electrodes 5 12 2024 2024-12-05 10.1002/aelm.202400645 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This work was funded through the Welsh Government's Sêr Cymru II Program “Sustainable Advanced Materials” (Welsh European Funding Office − European Regional Development Fund). P.M. is a Sêr Cymru II Research Chair and A.A. was a Rising Star Fellow also funded through the Welsh Government's Sêr Cymru II “Sustainable Advanced Materials” Program (European Regional Development Fund, Welsh European Funding Office, and Swansea University Strategic Initiative). NB is funded through a DTP EP/T517987/1, part-funded by NSG Pilkington. This work was also funded by UKRI through the EPSRC Program Grant EP/T028513/1 Application Targeted and Integrated Photovoltaics and the UKRI Research England RPIF Programme (Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials). O.J.S. is an Academy Research Fellow and acknowledges funding from the Research Council of Finland through project #357196. The authors also acknowledge the intellectual contributions of Prof Su Varma (NSG Pilkington) to this work. The contributions of SPTS Technologies Ltd (a KLA company), to the discussions around the MVD processes are also acknowledged. Finally, the authors would like to thank Shimra Ahmed for her contributions to the AFM measurements of the AZO. 2025-02-25T09:17:48.9759104 2024-11-27T10:08:29.2940373 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics Nick Burridge 1 Gregory Burwell 0000-0002-2534-9626 2 Oskar Sandberg 0000-0003-3778-8746 3 Ardalan Armin 4 Paul Meredith 0000-0002-9049-7414 5 68348__33152__cc3696c271344c60a18f71ab3a61f39c.pdf 68348.VOR.pdf 2024-12-17T10:40:12.7231243 Output 2584878 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics
spellingShingle	Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics Nick Burridge Gregory Burwell Oskar Sandberg Ardalan Armin Paul Meredith
title_short	Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics
title_full	Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics
title_fullStr	Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics
title_full_unstemmed	Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics
title_sort	Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics
author_id_str_mv	1873cb3e3b5b137640ce5995586c8723 49890fbfbe127d4ae94bc10dc2b24199 9e91512a54d5aee66cd77851a96ba747 22b270622d739d81e131bec7a819e2fd 31e8fe57fa180d418afd48c3af280c2e
author_id_fullname_str_mv	1873cb3e3b5b137640ce5995586c8723_*_Nick Burridge 49890fbfbe127d4ae94bc10dc2b24199__Gregory Burwell 9e91512a54d5aee66cd77851a96ba747__Oskar Sandberg 22b270622d739d81e131bec7a819e2fd__Ardalan Armin 31e8fe57fa180d418afd48c3af280c2e_**_Paul Meredith
author	Nick Burridge Gregory Burwell Oskar Sandberg Ardalan Armin Paul Meredith
author2	Nick Burridge Gregory Burwell Oskar Sandberg Ardalan Armin Paul Meredith
format	Journal article
container_title	Advanced Electronic Materials
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container_start_page	2400645
publishDate	2024
institution	Swansea University
issn	2199-160X 2199-160X
doi_str_mv	10.1002/aelm.202400645
publisher	Wiley
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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department_str	School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics
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description	Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are integral components in optoelectronic devices, facilitating both light transmission and electrical conduction. Over the past four decades, substantial advancements have been made in TCE materials, including transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which remain dominant technologies in practical applications. Despite these advancements, current TCEs exhibit relatively high sheet resistance (Rsheet), posing a significant barrier to the scale-up of solution-processed devices such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This work addresses the scaling limitations of TCEs in OPVs by proposing the integration of a TCE with a metallic grid (g-TCE) to mitigate the high Rsheet issue. The performance of g-TCEs in OPVs is evaluated across various irradiance levels and TCE Rsheet values. Additionally, a novel, unitless figure-of-merit tailored to specific PV devices is introduced, which enables benchmarking beyond traditional TCE FoMs. Exemplifications of g-TCEs include aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO), which has an equivalent Rsheet of 0.5 Ω □−1, while maintaining an average visible transmittance exceeding 77%, outperforming all state-of-the-art monolithic TCE materials. These findings demonstrate that g-TCEs present a viable pathway for the development of large-area, solution-processed PV devices.
published_date	2024-12-05T11:24:24Z
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score	11.055006

Application‐Targeted Metal Grid‐Enhanced Transparent Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics

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