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Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans

Simon Dymond Orcid Logo, Weike xia, Daniel V. Zuj, Martyn Quigley Orcid Logo

Behavioural Brain Research, Volume: 477, Start page: 115299

Swansea University Authors: Simon Dymond Orcid Logo, Weike xia, Martyn Quigley Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115299

Abstract

Avoidance of potential threat may become maladaptive when it is indiscriminate and resistant to change. Here, we investigated the resistance to change of high and low avoidance response effort when avoidance extinction involved unavoidable presentations of the aversive event (shock) in humans. Follo...

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Published in: Behavioural Brain Research
ISSN: 0166-4328 1872-7549
Published: Elsevier BV 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68028
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spelling 2025-02-10T15:40:36.7993003 v2 68028 2024-10-21 Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans 8ed0024546f2588fdb0073a7d6fbc075 0000-0003-1319-4492 Simon Dymond Simon Dymond true false 3e8e30f976e72e3473e246f75c18b902 Weike xia Weike xia true false 45ba0b00b12b2a4cd533dcd42f0121d9 0000-0003-4342-1369 Martyn Quigley Martyn Quigley true false 2024-10-21 PSYS Avoidance of potential threat may become maladaptive when it is indiscriminate and resistant to change. Here, we investigated the resistance to change of high and low avoidance response effort when avoidance extinction involved unavoidable presentations of the aversive event (shock) in humans. Following fear conditioning, participants prevented upcoming shock delivery by responding on high (i.e., fixed ratio, FR-20) and low (FR-5) negative reinforcement schedules. Next, noneliminable shock was used for an avoidance extinction procedure whereby responding was followed by, rather than prevented, shock. During a subsequent standard extinction and response prevention test phase, we found that High effort (FR-20) avoidance would be more readily extinguished than Low effort (FR-5) avoidance. It was also predicted that fear, threat expectancy, and psychophysiological (skin conductance) responses would decrease on avoidable trials and increase on unavoidable trials before extinguishing to low levels. It was found that in the final extinction re-test phase when avoidance was possible, responding increased, particularly for low effort cues. Both fear and expectancy remained high. Individual differences on clinically relevant measures of trait anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty and experiential avoidance were associated with greater levels of fear and threat expectancy. Overall, unavoidable shock extinction may hold promise for further translational investigations of avoidance learning, extinction, and clinical treatment development. Journal Article Behavioural Brain Research 477 115299 Elsevier BV 0166-4328 1872-7549 Avoidance, extinction, noneliminable, shock, punishment 4 2 2025 2025-02-04 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115299 COLLEGE NANME Psychology School COLLEGE CODE PSYS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Swansea University 2025-02-10T15:40:36.7993003 2024-10-21T09:32:05.7786109 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Simon Dymond 0000-0003-1319-4492 1 Weike xia 2 Daniel V. Zuj 3 Martyn Quigley 0000-0003-4342-1369 4 68028__33134__436fac0fce1d446bb8383f38fcd9c517.pdf 68028.VOR.pdf 2024-12-13T13:13:09.6510736 Output 2033325 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans
spellingShingle Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans
Simon Dymond
Weike xia
Martyn Quigley
title_short Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans
title_full Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans
title_fullStr Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans
title_full_unstemmed Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans
title_sort Between Scylla and Charybdis: Fixed-Ratio Avoidance Response Effort and Unavoidable Shock Extinction in Humans
author_id_str_mv 8ed0024546f2588fdb0073a7d6fbc075
3e8e30f976e72e3473e246f75c18b902
45ba0b00b12b2a4cd533dcd42f0121d9
author_id_fullname_str_mv 8ed0024546f2588fdb0073a7d6fbc075_***_Simon Dymond
3e8e30f976e72e3473e246f75c18b902_***_Weike xia
45ba0b00b12b2a4cd533dcd42f0121d9_***_Martyn Quigley
author Simon Dymond
Weike xia
Martyn Quigley
author2 Simon Dymond
Weike xia
Daniel V. Zuj
Martyn Quigley
format Journal article
container_title Behavioural Brain Research
container_volume 477
container_start_page 115299
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 0166-4328
1872-7549
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115299
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
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description Avoidance of potential threat may become maladaptive when it is indiscriminate and resistant to change. Here, we investigated the resistance to change of high and low avoidance response effort when avoidance extinction involved unavoidable presentations of the aversive event (shock) in humans. Following fear conditioning, participants prevented upcoming shock delivery by responding on high (i.e., fixed ratio, FR-20) and low (FR-5) negative reinforcement schedules. Next, noneliminable shock was used for an avoidance extinction procedure whereby responding was followed by, rather than prevented, shock. During a subsequent standard extinction and response prevention test phase, we found that High effort (FR-20) avoidance would be more readily extinguished than Low effort (FR-5) avoidance. It was also predicted that fear, threat expectancy, and psychophysiological (skin conductance) responses would decrease on avoidable trials and increase on unavoidable trials before extinguishing to low levels. It was found that in the final extinction re-test phase when avoidance was possible, responding increased, particularly for low effort cues. Both fear and expectancy remained high. Individual differences on clinically relevant measures of trait anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty and experiential avoidance were associated with greater levels of fear and threat expectancy. Overall, unavoidable shock extinction may hold promise for further translational investigations of avoidance learning, extinction, and clinical treatment development.
published_date 2025-02-04T08:16:52Z
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