No Cover Image

Journal article 196 views 41 downloads

ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction

Yang Liu Orcid Logo, Ji Luo, Yi Yang, Xuan Wang, Mehdi Gheisari Orcid Logo, Feng Luo

Entropy, Volume: 25, Issue: 2, Start page: 282

Swansea University Author: Yang Liu Orcid Logo

  • 67390.VoR.pdf

    PDF | Version of Record

    © 2023 by the authors.This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.

    Download (2.54MB)

Check full text

DOI (Published version): 10.3390/e25020282

Abstract

Machine learning as a service (MLaaS) plays an essential role in the current ecosystem. Enterprises do not need to train models by themselves separately. Instead, they can use well-trained models provided by MLaaS to support business activities. However, such an ecosystem could be threatened by mode...

Full description

Published in: Entropy
ISSN: 1099-4300
Published: MDPI AG 2023
Online Access: Check full text

URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa67390
first_indexed 2024-09-20T13:35:36Z
last_indexed 2024-11-25T14:20:05Z
id cronfa67390
recordtype SURis
fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2024-09-20T14:37:25.7383287</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>67390</id><entry>2024-08-15</entry><title>ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>ba37dab58c9093dc63c79001565b75d4</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-2486-5765</ORCID><firstname>Yang</firstname><surname>Liu</surname><name>Yang Liu</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2024-08-15</date><deptcode>MACS</deptcode><abstract>Machine learning as a service (MLaaS) plays an essential role in the current ecosystem. Enterprises do not need to train models by themselves separately. Instead, they can use well-trained models provided by MLaaS to support business activities. However, such an ecosystem could be threatened by model extraction attacks&#x2014;an attacker steals the functionality of a trained model provided by MLaaS and builds a substitute model locally. In this paper, we proposed a model extraction method with low query costs and high accuracy. In particular, we use pre-trained models and task-relevant data to decrease the size of query data. We use instance selection to reduce query samples. In addition, we divided query data into two categories, namely low-confidence data and high-confidence data, to reduce the budget and improve accuracy. We then conducted attacks on two models provided by Microsoft Azure as our experiments. The results show that our scheme achieves high accuracy at low cost, with the substitution models achieving 96.10% and 95.24% substitution while querying only 7.32% and 5.30% of their training data on the two models, respectively. This new attack approach creates additional security challenges for models deployed on cloud platforms. It raises the need for novel mitigation strategies to secure the models. In future work, generative adversarial networks and model inversion attacks can be used to generate more diverse data to be applied to the attacks.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Entropy</journal><volume>25</volume><journalNumber>2</journalNumber><paginationStart>282</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>MDPI AG</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>1099-4300</issnElectronic><keywords>model extraction attack; machine learning; MLaaS</keywords><publishedDay>2</publishedDay><publishedMonth>2</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2023</publishedYear><publishedDate>2023-02-02</publishedDate><doi>10.3390/e25020282</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Mathematics and Computer Science School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MACS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>This work is supported by Shenzhen Basic Research (General Project) (No. JCYJ20190806142601687), Shenzhen Stable Supporting Program (General Project) (No. GXWD20201230155427003-20200821160539001), Peng Cheng Laboratory Project (Grant No. PCL2021A02), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Security Intelligence Technologies (2022B1212010005), and Shenzhen Basic Research (Key Project) (No. JCYJ20200109113405927).</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-09-20T14:37:25.7383287</lastEdited><Created>2024-08-15T16:59:58.0646835</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Yang</firstname><surname>Liu</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2486-5765</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Ji</firstname><surname>Luo</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Yi</firstname><surname>Yang</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Xuan</firstname><surname>Wang</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Mehdi</firstname><surname>Gheisari</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5643-0021</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Feng</firstname><surname>Luo</surname><order>6</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>67390__31418__c2b3795407474457a797f388a1a8e137.pdf</filename><originalFilename>67390.VoR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2024-09-20T14:36:06.4011357</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>2664762</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2023 by the authors.This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2024-09-20T14:37:25.7383287 v2 67390 2024-08-15 ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction ba37dab58c9093dc63c79001565b75d4 0000-0003-2486-5765 Yang Liu Yang Liu true false 2024-08-15 MACS Machine learning as a service (MLaaS) plays an essential role in the current ecosystem. Enterprises do not need to train models by themselves separately. Instead, they can use well-trained models provided by MLaaS to support business activities. However, such an ecosystem could be threatened by model extraction attacks—an attacker steals the functionality of a trained model provided by MLaaS and builds a substitute model locally. In this paper, we proposed a model extraction method with low query costs and high accuracy. In particular, we use pre-trained models and task-relevant data to decrease the size of query data. We use instance selection to reduce query samples. In addition, we divided query data into two categories, namely low-confidence data and high-confidence data, to reduce the budget and improve accuracy. We then conducted attacks on two models provided by Microsoft Azure as our experiments. The results show that our scheme achieves high accuracy at low cost, with the substitution models achieving 96.10% and 95.24% substitution while querying only 7.32% and 5.30% of their training data on the two models, respectively. This new attack approach creates additional security challenges for models deployed on cloud platforms. It raises the need for novel mitigation strategies to secure the models. In future work, generative adversarial networks and model inversion attacks can be used to generate more diverse data to be applied to the attacks. Journal Article Entropy 25 2 282 MDPI AG 1099-4300 model extraction attack; machine learning; MLaaS 2 2 2023 2023-02-02 10.3390/e25020282 COLLEGE NANME Mathematics and Computer Science School COLLEGE CODE MACS Swansea University This work is supported by Shenzhen Basic Research (General Project) (No. JCYJ20190806142601687), Shenzhen Stable Supporting Program (General Project) (No. GXWD20201230155427003-20200821160539001), Peng Cheng Laboratory Project (Grant No. PCL2021A02), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Security Intelligence Technologies (2022B1212010005), and Shenzhen Basic Research (Key Project) (No. JCYJ20200109113405927). 2024-09-20T14:37:25.7383287 2024-08-15T16:59:58.0646835 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science Yang Liu 0000-0003-2486-5765 1 Ji Luo 2 Yi Yang 3 Xuan Wang 4 Mehdi Gheisari 0000-0002-5643-0021 5 Feng Luo 6 67390__31418__c2b3795407474457a797f388a1a8e137.pdf 67390.VoR.pdf 2024-09-20T14:36:06.4011357 Output 2664762 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2023 by the authors.This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction
spellingShingle ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction
Yang Liu
title_short ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction
title_full ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction
title_fullStr ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction
title_full_unstemmed ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction
title_sort ShrewdAttack: Low Cost High Accuracy Model Extraction
author_id_str_mv ba37dab58c9093dc63c79001565b75d4
author_id_fullname_str_mv ba37dab58c9093dc63c79001565b75d4_***_Yang Liu
author Yang Liu
author2 Yang Liu
Ji Luo
Yi Yang
Xuan Wang
Mehdi Gheisari
Feng Luo
format Journal article
container_title Entropy
container_volume 25
container_issue 2
container_start_page 282
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 1099-4300
doi_str_mv 10.3390/e25020282
publisher MDPI AG
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Machine learning as a service (MLaaS) plays an essential role in the current ecosystem. Enterprises do not need to train models by themselves separately. Instead, they can use well-trained models provided by MLaaS to support business activities. However, such an ecosystem could be threatened by model extraction attacks—an attacker steals the functionality of a trained model provided by MLaaS and builds a substitute model locally. In this paper, we proposed a model extraction method with low query costs and high accuracy. In particular, we use pre-trained models and task-relevant data to decrease the size of query data. We use instance selection to reduce query samples. In addition, we divided query data into two categories, namely low-confidence data and high-confidence data, to reduce the budget and improve accuracy. We then conducted attacks on two models provided by Microsoft Azure as our experiments. The results show that our scheme achieves high accuracy at low cost, with the substitution models achieving 96.10% and 95.24% substitution while querying only 7.32% and 5.30% of their training data on the two models, respectively. This new attack approach creates additional security challenges for models deployed on cloud platforms. It raises the need for novel mitigation strategies to secure the models. In future work, generative adversarial networks and model inversion attacks can be used to generate more diverse data to be applied to the attacks.
published_date 2023-02-02T08:17:38Z
_version_ 1829542673077239808
score 11.058267

Similar Items