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Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales

Dora Pouliou Orcid Logo, Rebecca Pedrick-Case, Rowena Bailey, Anna Rawlings, Amy Mizen Orcid Logo, Jo Davies, Gareth Stratton Orcid Logo, Ronan Lyons Orcid Logo, Ben Beck, Hayley Christian, Rich Fry Orcid Logo, Lucy Griffiths Orcid Logo

Journal of Transport & Health, Volume: 38, Start page: 101855

Swansea University Authors: Dora Pouliou Orcid Logo, Rebecca Pedrick-Case, Rowena Bailey, Anna Rawlings, Amy Mizen Orcid Logo, Jo Davies, Gareth Stratton Orcid Logo, Ronan Lyons Orcid Logo, Rich Fry Orcid Logo, Lucy Griffiths Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101855

Abstract

Background: Overweight and obesity in children continues to increase. Yet, the role of active transport, namely walking, in mitigating these trends remains unclear. This study examined the cross-sectional association between walkability and children’s Body Mass Index (BMI) and how this varies by soc...

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Published in: Journal of Transport & Health
ISSN: 2214-1405
Published: Elsevier BV 2024
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Yet, the role of active transport, namely walking, in mitigating these trends remains unclear. This study examined the cross-sectional association between walkability and children’s Body Mass Index (BMI) and how this varies by socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics. Methods: We analysed BMI for 14-year-old children living in Wales from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Children were categorised as healthy weight, overweight or obese using the British 1990 cut-off points. Walkability was assessed using the Wales Active Living Environments (Wal-ALE) database, categorised as 1 (least walkable environments) to 5 (most walkable environments). We applied multinomial logistic regression analysis and adjusted for ethnicity, having a limiting longstanding illness, parental BMI, socio-economic circumstances, and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Children were more likely to be obese if they lived in areas classed as more walkable in unadjusted analysis [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR)=1.72 (95% CI =1.15 - 2.58)] and following adjustment for ethnicity, limiting longstanding illness and parental BMI [RRR= 1.83 (95%CI=1.12 – 3.00)].). Significant associations remained even after further adjustment for lifestyle characteristics and socio-economic circumstances [RRR=1.76 (95%CI=1.05 – 2.96)]. Further, children were more likely to be obese if their parents were overweight or obese and if they were living in poverty. Children were less likely to be obese if they spent 3 or more days per week in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and if they ate breakfast every day vs. some days or never. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate that walkable environments are not associated with lower rates of obesity in children, indicating that the relationship between the built environment and child health is complex and requires further study.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Journal of Transport &amp; Health</journal><volume>38</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>101855</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>2214-1405</issnPrint><issnElectronic/><keywords>Children; Obesity; Walkability Index; Active Living Environments; Body Mass Index; Millennium Cohort Study</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>9</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-09-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.jth.2024.101855</doi><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2024.101855</url><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Medical School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MEDS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>This work is part of the Built Environment and Child Health in Wales and Australia (BEACHES) project which is a joint initiative between Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Swansea University. The BEACHES Project is funded by the UKRI-NHMRC Built Environment Prevention Research Scheme (grant number GNT1192764 and MR/T039329/1). Administrative Data Research (ADR) Wales also supported this research, which forms part of the ADR UK investment that unites research expertise from Swansea University Medical School and WISERD (Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research and Data) at Cardiff University with analysts from Welsh Government. ADR UK is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), part of UK Research and Innovation. Hayley Christian is supported by an Australian National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (102549) and partially supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (Project ID CE200100025). Ben Beck was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT210100183).</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-07-15T16:02:13.9715923</lastEdited><Created>2024-06-26T13:22:32.2504653</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Dora</firstname><surname>Pouliou</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1162-1174</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Rebecca</firstname><surname>Pedrick-Case</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Rowena</firstname><surname>Bailey</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Anna</firstname><surname>Rawlings</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Amy</firstname><surname>Mizen</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7516-6767</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Jo</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Gareth</firstname><surname>Stratton</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5618-0803</orcid><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Ronan</firstname><surname>Lyons</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5225-000X</orcid><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Ben</firstname><surname>Beck</surname><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Hayley</firstname><surname>Christian</surname><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Rich</firstname><surname>Fry</surname><orcid>0000-0002-7968-6679</orcid><order>11</order></author><author><firstname>Lucy</firstname><surname>Griffiths</surname><orcid>0000-0001-9230-624X</orcid><order>12</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>66899__30905__aa01d51af4a74b71b204c08f7f8d62c6.pdf</filename><originalFilename>66899.UpdatedVOR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2024-07-15T15:59:07.6815676</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>4420997</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>This is an open access article under the CC BY license.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling v2 66899 2024-06-26 Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales f5b36a43fba4d0e04b23251dc2717186 0000-0002-1162-1174 Dora Pouliou Dora Pouliou true false fd7504c69e0335c9e73028e785659f9e Rebecca Pedrick-Case Rebecca Pedrick-Case true false 455e2c1e6193448f6269b9e72acaf865 Rowena Bailey Rowena Bailey true false f4f5ea10d85950ed97dc305ee31b2b22 Anna Rawlings Anna Rawlings true false 9e9db8229784e27fcd79a14ee097e10b 0000-0001-7516-6767 Amy Mizen Amy Mizen true false 428483ed0603507e3c895f551134411e Jo Davies Jo Davies true false 6d62b2ed126961bed81a94a2beba8a01 0000-0001-5618-0803 Gareth Stratton Gareth Stratton true false 83efcf2a9dfcf8b55586999d3d152ac6 0000-0001-5225-000X Ronan Lyons Ronan Lyons true false d499b898d447b62c81b2c122598870e0 0000-0002-7968-6679 Rich Fry Rich Fry true false e35ea6ea4b429e812ef204b048131d93 0000-0001-9230-624X Lucy Griffiths Lucy Griffiths true false 2024-06-26 MEDS Background: Overweight and obesity in children continues to increase. Yet, the role of active transport, namely walking, in mitigating these trends remains unclear. This study examined the cross-sectional association between walkability and children’s Body Mass Index (BMI) and how this varies by socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics. Methods: We analysed BMI for 14-year-old children living in Wales from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Children were categorised as healthy weight, overweight or obese using the British 1990 cut-off points. Walkability was assessed using the Wales Active Living Environments (Wal-ALE) database, categorised as 1 (least walkable environments) to 5 (most walkable environments). We applied multinomial logistic regression analysis and adjusted for ethnicity, having a limiting longstanding illness, parental BMI, socio-economic circumstances, and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Children were more likely to be obese if they lived in areas classed as more walkable in unadjusted analysis [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR)=1.72 (95% CI =1.15 - 2.58)] and following adjustment for ethnicity, limiting longstanding illness and parental BMI [RRR= 1.83 (95%CI=1.12 – 3.00)].). Significant associations remained even after further adjustment for lifestyle characteristics and socio-economic circumstances [RRR=1.76 (95%CI=1.05 – 2.96)]. Further, children were more likely to be obese if their parents were overweight or obese and if they were living in poverty. Children were less likely to be obese if they spent 3 or more days per week in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and if they ate breakfast every day vs. some days or never. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate that walkable environments are not associated with lower rates of obesity in children, indicating that the relationship between the built environment and child health is complex and requires further study. Journal Article Journal of Transport & Health 38 101855 Elsevier BV 2214-1405 Children; Obesity; Walkability Index; Active Living Environments; Body Mass Index; Millennium Cohort Study 1 9 2024 2024-09-01 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101855 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2024.101855 COLLEGE NANME Medical School COLLEGE CODE MEDS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This work is part of the Built Environment and Child Health in Wales and Australia (BEACHES) project which is a joint initiative between Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Swansea University. The BEACHES Project is funded by the UKRI-NHMRC Built Environment Prevention Research Scheme (grant number GNT1192764 and MR/T039329/1). Administrative Data Research (ADR) Wales also supported this research, which forms part of the ADR UK investment that unites research expertise from Swansea University Medical School and WISERD (Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research and Data) at Cardiff University with analysts from Welsh Government. ADR UK is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), part of UK Research and Innovation. Hayley Christian is supported by an Australian National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (102549) and partially supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (Project ID CE200100025). Ben Beck was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT210100183). 2024-07-15T16:02:13.9715923 2024-06-26T13:22:32.2504653 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences Dora Pouliou 0000-0002-1162-1174 1 Rebecca Pedrick-Case 2 Rowena Bailey 3 Anna Rawlings 4 Amy Mizen 0000-0001-7516-6767 5 Jo Davies 6 Gareth Stratton 0000-0001-5618-0803 7 Ronan Lyons 0000-0001-5225-000X 8 Ben Beck 9 Hayley Christian 10 Rich Fry 0000-0002-7968-6679 11 Lucy Griffiths 0000-0001-9230-624X 12 66899__30905__aa01d51af4a74b71b204c08f7f8d62c6.pdf 66899.UpdatedVOR.pdf 2024-07-15T15:59:07.6815676 Output 4420997 application/pdf Version of Record true This is an open access article under the CC BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales
spellingShingle Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales
Dora Pouliou
Rebecca Pedrick-Case
Rowena Bailey
Anna Rawlings
Amy Mizen
Jo Davies
Gareth Stratton
Ronan Lyons
Rich Fry
Lucy Griffiths
title_short Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales
title_full Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales
title_fullStr Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales
title_full_unstemmed Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales
title_sort Neighbourhood walkability and body mass index in children: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales
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author_id_fullname_str_mv f5b36a43fba4d0e04b23251dc2717186_***_Dora Pouliou
fd7504c69e0335c9e73028e785659f9e_***_Rebecca Pedrick-Case
455e2c1e6193448f6269b9e72acaf865_***_Rowena Bailey
f4f5ea10d85950ed97dc305ee31b2b22_***_Anna Rawlings
9e9db8229784e27fcd79a14ee097e10b_***_Amy Mizen
428483ed0603507e3c895f551134411e_***_Jo Davies
6d62b2ed126961bed81a94a2beba8a01_***_Gareth Stratton
83efcf2a9dfcf8b55586999d3d152ac6_***_Ronan Lyons
d499b898d447b62c81b2c122598870e0_***_Rich Fry
e35ea6ea4b429e812ef204b048131d93_***_Lucy Griffiths
author Dora Pouliou
Rebecca Pedrick-Case
Rowena Bailey
Anna Rawlings
Amy Mizen
Jo Davies
Gareth Stratton
Ronan Lyons
Rich Fry
Lucy Griffiths
author2 Dora Pouliou
Rebecca Pedrick-Case
Rowena Bailey
Anna Rawlings
Amy Mizen
Jo Davies
Gareth Stratton
Ronan Lyons
Ben Beck
Hayley Christian
Rich Fry
Lucy Griffiths
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Transport & Health
container_volume 38
container_start_page 101855
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 2214-1405
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101855
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2024.101855
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Background: Overweight and obesity in children continues to increase. Yet, the role of active transport, namely walking, in mitigating these trends remains unclear. This study examined the cross-sectional association between walkability and children’s Body Mass Index (BMI) and how this varies by socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics. Methods: We analysed BMI for 14-year-old children living in Wales from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Children were categorised as healthy weight, overweight or obese using the British 1990 cut-off points. Walkability was assessed using the Wales Active Living Environments (Wal-ALE) database, categorised as 1 (least walkable environments) to 5 (most walkable environments). We applied multinomial logistic regression analysis and adjusted for ethnicity, having a limiting longstanding illness, parental BMI, socio-economic circumstances, and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Children were more likely to be obese if they lived in areas classed as more walkable in unadjusted analysis [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR)=1.72 (95% CI =1.15 - 2.58)] and following adjustment for ethnicity, limiting longstanding illness and parental BMI [RRR= 1.83 (95%CI=1.12 – 3.00)].). Significant associations remained even after further adjustment for lifestyle characteristics and socio-economic circumstances [RRR=1.76 (95%CI=1.05 – 2.96)]. Further, children were more likely to be obese if their parents were overweight or obese and if they were living in poverty. Children were less likely to be obese if they spent 3 or more days per week in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and if they ate breakfast every day vs. some days or never. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate that walkable environments are not associated with lower rates of obesity in children, indicating that the relationship between the built environment and child health is complex and requires further study.
published_date 2024-09-01T16:02:12Z
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