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The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years

JACK COOPER, Catalina Pimiento Orcid Logo

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Volume: 33, Issue: 9, Start page: e13881

Swansea University Authors: JACK COOPER, Catalina Pimiento Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1111/geb.13881

Abstract

Aim: Modern sharks are a diverse and highly threatened group playing important roles in ecosystems. They have an abundant fossil record spanning at least 250 million years (Myr), consisting primarily of isolated teeth. Throughout their evolutionary history, sharks have faced multiple environmental c...

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Published in: Global Ecology and Biogeography
ISSN: 1466-822X 1466-8238
Published: Wiley 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa66635
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><rfc1807 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>66635</id><entry>2024-06-10</entry><title>The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>5bee81f19e912ca8068a4e96add6466f</sid><firstname>JACK</firstname><surname>COOPER</surname><name>JACK COOPER</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>7dd222e2a1d5971b3f3963f0501a9d4f</sid><ORCID>0000-0002-5320-7246</ORCID><firstname>Catalina</firstname><surname>Pimiento</surname><name>Catalina Pimiento</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2024-06-10</date><abstract>Aim: Modern sharks are a diverse and highly threatened group playing important roles in ecosystems. They have an abundant fossil record spanning at least 250 million years (Myr), consisting primarily of isolated teeth. Throughout their evolutionary history, sharks have faced multiple environmental changes and extinction events. Here, we aim to use dental characters to quantify how shark functional diversity has changed during the last 66 Myr. Location: Global. Time period: Cenozoic era (66–0 million years ago; Ma). Major taxa studied: Sharks (Selachii). Methods: We complied a dataset of over 9000 shark teeth belonging to 537 taxa from museum collections and scientific literature and measured six dental characters strongly linked with functional traits. We then quantified different functional diversity metrics across Cenozoic time bins, compared them against null expectations and identified the most important taxa contributing to maintaining functional diversity. Results: Sharks displayed relatively high functional diversity during the Cenozoic, with 66%–87% of the functional space being occupied for ~60 Myr (Palaeocene to Miocene). High levels of functional redundancy during this time resulted in larger-than-expected functional richness; but a large decline (−45%) in redundancy in the Oligocene (~30 Ma) left shark functional diversity highly vulnerable to further loss. Shark functional diversity declined from the late Miocene (~10 Ma) onwards, losing 44% of functional richness by the Recent. Extinct sharks disproportionally contributed to the Cenozoic functional diversity and spanned a wider range of functional space than extant sharks, with the loss of mid-sized suction feeders and large-bodied predators driving functional declines. Main conclusions: After maintaining high levels of functional diversity for most of the Cenozoic, sharks lost nearly half of their functional diversity in the last ~10 Myr. Current anthropogenic pressures are therefore likely eroding an already diminished shark functional diversity, leaving future communities ecologically deprived compared with their thriving geological past.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Global Ecology and Biogeography</journal><volume>33</volume><journalNumber>9</journalNumber><paginationStart>e13881</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Wiley</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>1466-822X</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1466-8238</issnElectronic><keywords>Cenozoic; dental characters; extinction; functional diversity; sharks; traits</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>9</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-09-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1111/geb.13881</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>Fisheries Society of the British Isles - PhD studentship; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung - PRIMA grant no. 185798; University of Florida - International travel grant</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-11-01T14:18:19.9081189</lastEdited><Created>2024-06-10T12:11:35.4643080</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences</level></path><authors><author><firstname>JACK</firstname><surname>COOPER</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Catalina</firstname><surname>Pimiento</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5320-7246</orcid><order>2</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>66635__30756__8645c91887a84f8785762859b067335c.pdf</filename><originalFilename>66635.VoR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2024-06-26T14:00:47.4897149</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>2070957</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>© 2024 The Author(s). 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spelling v2 66635 2024-06-10 The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years 5bee81f19e912ca8068a4e96add6466f JACK COOPER JACK COOPER true false 7dd222e2a1d5971b3f3963f0501a9d4f 0000-0002-5320-7246 Catalina Pimiento Catalina Pimiento true false 2024-06-10 Aim: Modern sharks are a diverse and highly threatened group playing important roles in ecosystems. They have an abundant fossil record spanning at least 250 million years (Myr), consisting primarily of isolated teeth. Throughout their evolutionary history, sharks have faced multiple environmental changes and extinction events. Here, we aim to use dental characters to quantify how shark functional diversity has changed during the last 66 Myr. Location: Global. Time period: Cenozoic era (66–0 million years ago; Ma). Major taxa studied: Sharks (Selachii). Methods: We complied a dataset of over 9000 shark teeth belonging to 537 taxa from museum collections and scientific literature and measured six dental characters strongly linked with functional traits. We then quantified different functional diversity metrics across Cenozoic time bins, compared them against null expectations and identified the most important taxa contributing to maintaining functional diversity. Results: Sharks displayed relatively high functional diversity during the Cenozoic, with 66%–87% of the functional space being occupied for ~60 Myr (Palaeocene to Miocene). High levels of functional redundancy during this time resulted in larger-than-expected functional richness; but a large decline (−45%) in redundancy in the Oligocene (~30 Ma) left shark functional diversity highly vulnerable to further loss. Shark functional diversity declined from the late Miocene (~10 Ma) onwards, losing 44% of functional richness by the Recent. Extinct sharks disproportionally contributed to the Cenozoic functional diversity and spanned a wider range of functional space than extant sharks, with the loss of mid-sized suction feeders and large-bodied predators driving functional declines. Main conclusions: After maintaining high levels of functional diversity for most of the Cenozoic, sharks lost nearly half of their functional diversity in the last ~10 Myr. Current anthropogenic pressures are therefore likely eroding an already diminished shark functional diversity, leaving future communities ecologically deprived compared with their thriving geological past. Journal Article Global Ecology and Biogeography 33 9 e13881 Wiley 1466-822X 1466-8238 Cenozoic; dental characters; extinction; functional diversity; sharks; traits 1 9 2024 2024-09-01 10.1111/geb.13881 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Fisheries Society of the British Isles - PhD studentship; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung - PRIMA grant no. 185798; University of Florida - International travel grant 2024-11-01T14:18:19.9081189 2024-06-10T12:11:35.4643080 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences JACK COOPER 1 Catalina Pimiento 0000-0002-5320-7246 2 66635__30756__8645c91887a84f8785762859b067335c.pdf 66635.VoR.pdf 2024-06-26T14:00:47.4897149 Output 2070957 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
spellingShingle The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
JACK COOPER
Catalina Pimiento
title_short The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
title_full The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
title_fullStr The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
title_full_unstemmed The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
title_sort The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
author_id_str_mv 5bee81f19e912ca8068a4e96add6466f
7dd222e2a1d5971b3f3963f0501a9d4f
author_id_fullname_str_mv 5bee81f19e912ca8068a4e96add6466f_***_JACK COOPER
7dd222e2a1d5971b3f3963f0501a9d4f_***_Catalina Pimiento
author JACK COOPER
Catalina Pimiento
author2 JACK COOPER
Catalina Pimiento
format Journal article
container_title Global Ecology and Biogeography
container_volume 33
container_issue 9
container_start_page e13881
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 1466-822X
1466-8238
doi_str_mv 10.1111/geb.13881
publisher Wiley
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Aim: Modern sharks are a diverse and highly threatened group playing important roles in ecosystems. They have an abundant fossil record spanning at least 250 million years (Myr), consisting primarily of isolated teeth. Throughout their evolutionary history, sharks have faced multiple environmental changes and extinction events. Here, we aim to use dental characters to quantify how shark functional diversity has changed during the last 66 Myr. Location: Global. Time period: Cenozoic era (66–0 million years ago; Ma). Major taxa studied: Sharks (Selachii). Methods: We complied a dataset of over 9000 shark teeth belonging to 537 taxa from museum collections and scientific literature and measured six dental characters strongly linked with functional traits. We then quantified different functional diversity metrics across Cenozoic time bins, compared them against null expectations and identified the most important taxa contributing to maintaining functional diversity. Results: Sharks displayed relatively high functional diversity during the Cenozoic, with 66%–87% of the functional space being occupied for ~60 Myr (Palaeocene to Miocene). High levels of functional redundancy during this time resulted in larger-than-expected functional richness; but a large decline (−45%) in redundancy in the Oligocene (~30 Ma) left shark functional diversity highly vulnerable to further loss. Shark functional diversity declined from the late Miocene (~10 Ma) onwards, losing 44% of functional richness by the Recent. Extinct sharks disproportionally contributed to the Cenozoic functional diversity and spanned a wider range of functional space than extant sharks, with the loss of mid-sized suction feeders and large-bodied predators driving functional declines. Main conclusions: After maintaining high levels of functional diversity for most of the Cenozoic, sharks lost nearly half of their functional diversity in the last ~10 Myr. Current anthropogenic pressures are therefore likely eroding an already diminished shark functional diversity, leaving future communities ecologically deprived compared with their thriving geological past.
published_date 2024-09-01T14:18:18Z
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