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Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss

Douglas I. Benn, Sarah Thompson, Jason Gulley, Jordan Mertes, Adrian Luckman Orcid Logo, Lindsey Nicholson Orcid Logo

The Cryosphere, Volume: 11, Issue: 5, Pages: 2247 - 2264

Swansea University Author: Adrian Luckman Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.5194/tc-11-2247-2017

Abstract

We provide the first synoptic view of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier and its evolution through time, based on speleological exploration and satellite image analysis of Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal. The drainage system has several linked components: (1) a seasonal subglacial dra...

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Published in: The Cryosphere
ISSN: 1994-0424
Published: Copernicus GmbH 2017
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa66114
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spelling 2024-05-30T13:48:37.2762952 v2 66114 2024-04-22 Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss 008cb668b2671b653a88677f075799a9 0000-0002-9618-5905 Adrian Luckman Adrian Luckman true false 2024-04-22 BGPS We provide the first synoptic view of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier and its evolution through time, based on speleological exploration and satellite image analysis of Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal. The drainage system has several linked components: (1) a seasonal subglacial drainage system below the upper ablation zone; (2) supraglacial channels, allowing efficient meltwater transport across parts of the upper ablation zone; (3) sub-marginal channels, allowing long-distance transport of meltwater; (4) perched ponds, which intermittently store meltwater prior to evacuation via the englacial drainage system; (5) englacial cut-and-closure conduits, which may undergo repeated cycles of abandonment and reactivation; and (6) a "base-level" lake system (Spillway Lake) dammed behind the terminal moraine. The distribution and relative importance of these elements has evolved through time, in response to sustained negative mass balance. The area occupied by perched ponds has expanded upglacier at the expense of supraglacial channels, and Spillway Lake has grown as more of the glacier surface ablates to base level. Subsurface processes play a governing role in creating, maintaining, and shutting down exposures of ice at the glacier surface, with a major impact on spatial patterns and rates of surface mass loss. Comparison of our results with observations on other glaciers indicate that englacial drainage systems play a key role in the response of debris-covered glaciers to sustained periods of negative mass balance. Journal Article The Cryosphere 11 5 2247 2264 Copernicus GmbH 1994-0424 22 9 2017 2017-09-22 10.5194/tc-11-2247-2017 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Funding for Sarah Thompson was provided by the European Commission FP7-MC-IEF grant PIEF-GA2012-330805, and for Lindsey Nicholson by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Elise Richter Grant (V309-N26). Financial support for fieldwork in 2009 was provided by the University Centre in Svalbard and a Royal Geographical Society fieldwork grant to Sarah Thompson. Field assistance was given by Annelie Bergström and Alison Banwell. TerraSAR-X data were kindly provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) under project HYD0178. The meteorological data were collected within the Ev-K2-CNR SHARE Project, funded by contributions from the Italian National Research Council and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and we thank Patrick Wagnon of the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France, for collecting and releasing the 2014–2015 data used in this paper. Careful and constructive reviews by Akiko Sakai and Duncan Quincey are gratefully acknowledged. 2024-05-30T13:48:37.2762952 2024-04-22T09:27:37.3761891 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography Douglas I. Benn 1 Sarah Thompson 2 Jason Gulley 3 Jordan Mertes 4 Adrian Luckman 0000-0002-9618-5905 5 Lindsey Nicholson 0000-0003-0430-7950 6 66114__30491__b8f83a3066e14f50a7288c73f1f55c63.pdf 66114.VoR.pdf 2024-05-30T13:47:11.5319247 Output 23085644 application/pdf Version of Record true © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
title Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss
spellingShingle Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss
Adrian Luckman
title_short Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss
title_full Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss
title_fullStr Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss
title_full_unstemmed Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss
title_sort Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss
author_id_str_mv 008cb668b2671b653a88677f075799a9
author_id_fullname_str_mv 008cb668b2671b653a88677f075799a9_***_Adrian Luckman
author Adrian Luckman
author2 Douglas I. Benn
Sarah Thompson
Jason Gulley
Jordan Mertes
Adrian Luckman
Lindsey Nicholson
format Journal article
container_title The Cryosphere
container_volume 11
container_issue 5
container_start_page 2247
publishDate 2017
institution Swansea University
issn 1994-0424
doi_str_mv 10.5194/tc-11-2247-2017
publisher Copernicus GmbH
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description We provide the first synoptic view of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier and its evolution through time, based on speleological exploration and satellite image analysis of Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal. The drainage system has several linked components: (1) a seasonal subglacial drainage system below the upper ablation zone; (2) supraglacial channels, allowing efficient meltwater transport across parts of the upper ablation zone; (3) sub-marginal channels, allowing long-distance transport of meltwater; (4) perched ponds, which intermittently store meltwater prior to evacuation via the englacial drainage system; (5) englacial cut-and-closure conduits, which may undergo repeated cycles of abandonment and reactivation; and (6) a "base-level" lake system (Spillway Lake) dammed behind the terminal moraine. The distribution and relative importance of these elements has evolved through time, in response to sustained negative mass balance. The area occupied by perched ponds has expanded upglacier at the expense of supraglacial channels, and Spillway Lake has grown as more of the glacier surface ablates to base level. Subsurface processes play a governing role in creating, maintaining, and shutting down exposures of ice at the glacier surface, with a major impact on spatial patterns and rates of surface mass loss. Comparison of our results with observations on other glaciers indicate that englacial drainage systems play a key role in the response of debris-covered glaciers to sustained periods of negative mass balance.
published_date 2017-09-22T14:39:01Z
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