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Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex

Nell Warner Orcid Logo, Jonathan Scourfield Orcid Logo, Rebecca Cannings-John Orcid Logo, Olivier Rouquette Orcid Logo, Alexandra Lee, Rachael Vaughan Orcid Logo, Karen Broadhurst Orcid Logo, Ann John Orcid Logo

Children and Youth Services Review, Volume: 160, Start page: 107548

Swansea University Authors: Olivier Rouquette Orcid Logo, Alexandra Lee, Ann John Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107548

Abstract

BackgroundParental difficulties, including mental ill health, substance misuse, domestic violence and learning disability have been associated with children entering out-of-home care. There is also evidence that these issues may co-occur within families. Understanding how the co-occurrence of these...

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Published in: Children and Youth Services Review
ISSN: 0190-7409
Published: Elsevier BV 2024
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There is also evidence that these issues may co-occur within families. Understanding how the co-occurrence of these difficulties is associated with care entry is complex because they may co-occur in the same or different household members and have different impacts on the likelihood of care entry when they occur in mothers, fathers or in single parent households.MethodAdministrative data from local authority children’s services in Wales were linked with demographic data to identify households in which children lived prior to entering care. Linkage to birth data identified biological mothers. Linkage with primary care, emergency department, hospital admissions and substance misuse services data enabled indicators of substance misuse, mental health, assaults in the home, learning disability and neurodivergence in the adults in those households to be identified. A series of multilevel binary logistic regression models were used to explore the odds of a household having one or more children entering care if risk factors were present. These considered the effects of individual risks, and cumulative risk both in individual adults in the household, and across the whole household. The effects of the number of adults, having adults with no risks and the differential impacts of risks in biological mothers, other women or men were also explored. Additional models explored these factors in single adult households.ResultsCumulative risks increased the likelihood of care entry, however this effect disappeared when individual risks were controlled for. The presence of an individual with no risks in the household acted as a protective factor. Overall, the impact of the risks on the odds of care entry was substantially greater if the risks were present in the biological mother than if they occurred in other adults (men or women) in the household. In single adult households risk factors had a much greater impact when they occurred in households headed by women as opposed to men.ConclusionSubstantial differences in the effects of risk factors in female and male adults are apparent and further research is needed to understand why this is occurring to ensure that parents are treated equally in terms of support and statutory intervention regardless of their sex.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Children and Youth Services Review</journal><volume>160</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>107548</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0190-7409</issnPrint><issnElectronic/><keywords>Parent; Gender; Cumulative risk; Substance misuse; Mental health; Learning disabilities</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-05-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107548</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Health Data Science</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>HDAT</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>Another institution paid the OA fee</apcterm><funders>This work was funded by Health Care Research Wales, Grant Number: SCG-19–1667.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-04-16T16:53:30.6923464</lastEdited><Created>2024-03-25T14:09:14.9990856</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Nell</firstname><surname>Warner</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6347-7354</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Jonathan</firstname><surname>Scourfield</surname><orcid>0000-0001-6218-8158</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Rebecca</firstname><surname>Cannings-John</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5235-6517</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Olivier</firstname><surname>Rouquette</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8088-4800</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Alexandra</firstname><surname>Lee</surname><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Rachael</firstname><surname>Vaughan</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6951-8647</orcid><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Karen</firstname><surname>Broadhurst</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1424-3022</orcid><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Ann</firstname><surname>John</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5657-6995</orcid><order>8</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>65890__30038__52615f0151874261a8e9fc7a96b55dc4.pdf</filename><originalFilename>65890.VOR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2024-04-16T16:52:07.3984431</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>894329</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>© 2024 The Author(s). 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spelling v2 65890 2024-03-25 Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex 0e502db88ea48ce6b053ed0eef9a54ce 0000-0001-8088-4800 Olivier Rouquette Olivier Rouquette true false 7c6dc217555b0fea264ff0dd7d0aa374 Alexandra Lee Alexandra Lee true false ed8a9c37bd7b7235b762d941ef18ee55 0000-0002-5657-6995 Ann John Ann John true false 2024-03-25 HDAT BackgroundParental difficulties, including mental ill health, substance misuse, domestic violence and learning disability have been associated with children entering out-of-home care. There is also evidence that these issues may co-occur within families. Understanding how the co-occurrence of these difficulties is associated with care entry is complex because they may co-occur in the same or different household members and have different impacts on the likelihood of care entry when they occur in mothers, fathers or in single parent households.MethodAdministrative data from local authority children’s services in Wales were linked with demographic data to identify households in which children lived prior to entering care. Linkage to birth data identified biological mothers. Linkage with primary care, emergency department, hospital admissions and substance misuse services data enabled indicators of substance misuse, mental health, assaults in the home, learning disability and neurodivergence in the adults in those households to be identified. A series of multilevel binary logistic regression models were used to explore the odds of a household having one or more children entering care if risk factors were present. These considered the effects of individual risks, and cumulative risk both in individual adults in the household, and across the whole household. The effects of the number of adults, having adults with no risks and the differential impacts of risks in biological mothers, other women or men were also explored. Additional models explored these factors in single adult households.ResultsCumulative risks increased the likelihood of care entry, however this effect disappeared when individual risks were controlled for. The presence of an individual with no risks in the household acted as a protective factor. Overall, the impact of the risks on the odds of care entry was substantially greater if the risks were present in the biological mother than if they occurred in other adults (men or women) in the household. In single adult households risk factors had a much greater impact when they occurred in households headed by women as opposed to men.ConclusionSubstantial differences in the effects of risk factors in female and male adults are apparent and further research is needed to understand why this is occurring to ensure that parents are treated equally in terms of support and statutory intervention regardless of their sex. Journal Article Children and Youth Services Review 160 107548 Elsevier BV 0190-7409 Parent; Gender; Cumulative risk; Substance misuse; Mental health; Learning disabilities 1 5 2024 2024-05-01 10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107548 COLLEGE NANME Health Data Science COLLEGE CODE HDAT Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee This work was funded by Health Care Research Wales, Grant Number: SCG-19–1667. 2024-04-16T16:53:30.6923464 2024-03-25T14:09:14.9990856 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science Nell Warner 0000-0002-6347-7354 1 Jonathan Scourfield 0000-0001-6218-8158 2 Rebecca Cannings-John 0000-0001-5235-6517 3 Olivier Rouquette 0000-0001-8088-4800 4 Alexandra Lee 5 Rachael Vaughan 0000-0002-6951-8647 6 Karen Broadhurst 0000-0003-1424-3022 7 Ann John 0000-0002-5657-6995 8 65890__30038__52615f0151874261a8e9fc7a96b55dc4.pdf 65890.VOR.pdf 2024-04-16T16:52:07.3984431 Output 894329 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex
spellingShingle Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex
Olivier Rouquette
Alexandra Lee
Ann John
title_short Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex
title_full Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex
title_fullStr Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex
title_full_unstemmed Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex
title_sort Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex
author_id_str_mv 0e502db88ea48ce6b053ed0eef9a54ce
7c6dc217555b0fea264ff0dd7d0aa374
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author_id_fullname_str_mv 0e502db88ea48ce6b053ed0eef9a54ce_***_Olivier Rouquette
7c6dc217555b0fea264ff0dd7d0aa374_***_Alexandra Lee
ed8a9c37bd7b7235b762d941ef18ee55_***_Ann John
author Olivier Rouquette
Alexandra Lee
Ann John
author2 Nell Warner
Jonathan Scourfield
Rebecca Cannings-John
Olivier Rouquette
Alexandra Lee
Rachael Vaughan
Karen Broadhurst
Ann John
format Journal article
container_title Children and Youth Services Review
container_volume 160
container_start_page 107548
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 0190-7409
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107548
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Health Data Science
document_store_str 1
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description BackgroundParental difficulties, including mental ill health, substance misuse, domestic violence and learning disability have been associated with children entering out-of-home care. There is also evidence that these issues may co-occur within families. Understanding how the co-occurrence of these difficulties is associated with care entry is complex because they may co-occur in the same or different household members and have different impacts on the likelihood of care entry when they occur in mothers, fathers or in single parent households.MethodAdministrative data from local authority children’s services in Wales were linked with demographic data to identify households in which children lived prior to entering care. Linkage to birth data identified biological mothers. Linkage with primary care, emergency department, hospital admissions and substance misuse services data enabled indicators of substance misuse, mental health, assaults in the home, learning disability and neurodivergence in the adults in those households to be identified. A series of multilevel binary logistic regression models were used to explore the odds of a household having one or more children entering care if risk factors were present. These considered the effects of individual risks, and cumulative risk both in individual adults in the household, and across the whole household. The effects of the number of adults, having adults with no risks and the differential impacts of risks in biological mothers, other women or men were also explored. Additional models explored these factors in single adult households.ResultsCumulative risks increased the likelihood of care entry, however this effect disappeared when individual risks were controlled for. The presence of an individual with no risks in the household acted as a protective factor. Overall, the impact of the risks on the odds of care entry was substantially greater if the risks were present in the biological mother than if they occurred in other adults (men or women) in the household. In single adult households risk factors had a much greater impact when they occurred in households headed by women as opposed to men.ConclusionSubstantial differences in the effects of risk factors in female and male adults are apparent and further research is needed to understand why this is occurring to ensure that parents are treated equally in terms of support and statutory intervention regardless of their sex.
published_date 2024-05-01T16:53:26Z
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