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Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier

Manos Lempidakis, Andrew N. Ross, Michael Quetting, Krishnamoorthy Krishnan, Baptiste Garde, Martin Wikelski, Emily Shepard Orcid Logo

Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Volume: 21, Issue: 212

Swansea University Authors: Manos Lempidakis, Krishnamoorthy Krishnan, Baptiste Garde, Emily Shepard Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1098/rsif.2023.0591

Abstract

Turbulence is a widespread phenomenon in the natural world, but its influence on flapping fliers remains little studied. We assessed how freestream turbulence affected the kinematics, flight effort and track properties of homing pigeons (Columba livia), using the fine-scale variations in flight heig...

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Published in: Journal of The Royal Society Interface
ISSN: 1742-5662
Published: The Royal Society 2024
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We assessed how freestream turbulence affected the kinematics, flight effort and track properties of homing pigeons (Columba livia), using the fine-scale variations in flight height as a proxy for turbulence levels. Birds showed a small increase in their wingbeat amplitude with increasing turbulence (similar to laboratory studies), but this was accompanied by a reduction in mean wingbeat frequency, such that their flapping wing speed remained the same. Mean kinematic responses to turbulence may therefore enable birds to increase their stability without a reduction in propulsive efficiency. Nonetheless, the most marked response to turbulence was an increase in the variability of wingbeat frequency and amplitude. These stroke-to-stroke changes in kinematics provide instantaneous compensation for turbulence. They will also increase flight costs. Yet pigeons only made small adjustments to their flight altitude, likely resulting in little change in exposure to strong convective turbulence. Responses to turbulence were therefore distinct from responses to wind, with the costs of high turbulence being levied through an increase in the variability of their kinematics and airspeed. 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spelling v2 65713 2024-02-28 Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier 7ddccac6c4aa55c9362bca7def907848 Manos Lempidakis Manos Lempidakis true false cb969e5504f107a82db71f89865d2b3a Krishnamoorthy Krishnan Krishnamoorthy Krishnan true false 0d5e96ee58acfec4771c81cd2cb4cca8 Baptiste Garde Baptiste Garde true false 54729295145aa1ea56d176818d51ed6a 0000-0001-7325-6398 Emily Shepard Emily Shepard true false 2024-02-28 BGPS Turbulence is a widespread phenomenon in the natural world, but its influence on flapping fliers remains little studied. We assessed how freestream turbulence affected the kinematics, flight effort and track properties of homing pigeons (Columba livia), using the fine-scale variations in flight height as a proxy for turbulence levels. Birds showed a small increase in their wingbeat amplitude with increasing turbulence (similar to laboratory studies), but this was accompanied by a reduction in mean wingbeat frequency, such that their flapping wing speed remained the same. Mean kinematic responses to turbulence may therefore enable birds to increase their stability without a reduction in propulsive efficiency. Nonetheless, the most marked response to turbulence was an increase in the variability of wingbeat frequency and amplitude. These stroke-to-stroke changes in kinematics provide instantaneous compensation for turbulence. They will also increase flight costs. Yet pigeons only made small adjustments to their flight altitude, likely resulting in little change in exposure to strong convective turbulence. Responses to turbulence were therefore distinct from responses to wind, with the costs of high turbulence being levied through an increase in the variability of their kinematics and airspeed. This highlights the value of investigating the variability in flight parameters in free-living animals. Journal Article Journal of The Royal Society Interface 21 212 The Royal Society 1742-5662 freestream turbulence, stability, wing kinematics, flight cost, flapping flight 20 3 2024 2024-03-20 10.1098/rsif.2023.0591 Data accessibility:The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study along with the essential code employed for statistical modelling, including the final modelled dataset, are available from the Movebank Data Repository, https://doi.org/10.5441/001/1.284 (Lempidakis et al. 2023) COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 15874 to E.L.C.S.) and a MaxPlanck Sabbatical Fellowship to E.L.C.S. We also acknowledge funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy EXC 2117–422037984. 2024-05-31T13:57:05.7907674 2024-02-28T13:41:54.8546722 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Manos Lempidakis 1 Andrew N. Ross 2 Michael Quetting 3 Krishnamoorthy Krishnan 4 Baptiste Garde 5 Martin Wikelski 6 Emily Shepard 0000-0001-7325-6398 7 65713__29829__ca6c7e5323684a7fa76242d88818b5a0.pdf 65713.VOR.pdf 2024-03-25T13:03:38.7335697 Output 894305 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024 The Authors. Released under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier
spellingShingle Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier
Manos Lempidakis
Krishnamoorthy Krishnan
Baptiste Garde
Emily Shepard
title_short Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier
title_full Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier
title_fullStr Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier
title_full_unstemmed Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier
title_sort Turbulence causes kinematic and behavioural adjustments in a flapping flier
author_id_str_mv 7ddccac6c4aa55c9362bca7def907848
cb969e5504f107a82db71f89865d2b3a
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54729295145aa1ea56d176818d51ed6a
author_id_fullname_str_mv 7ddccac6c4aa55c9362bca7def907848_***_Manos Lempidakis
cb969e5504f107a82db71f89865d2b3a_***_Krishnamoorthy Krishnan
0d5e96ee58acfec4771c81cd2cb4cca8_***_Baptiste Garde
54729295145aa1ea56d176818d51ed6a_***_Emily Shepard
author Manos Lempidakis
Krishnamoorthy Krishnan
Baptiste Garde
Emily Shepard
author2 Manos Lempidakis
Andrew N. Ross
Michael Quetting
Krishnamoorthy Krishnan
Baptiste Garde
Martin Wikelski
Emily Shepard
format Journal article
container_title Journal of The Royal Society Interface
container_volume 21
container_issue 212
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 1742-5662
doi_str_mv 10.1098/rsif.2023.0591
publisher The Royal Society
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Turbulence is a widespread phenomenon in the natural world, but its influence on flapping fliers remains little studied. We assessed how freestream turbulence affected the kinematics, flight effort and track properties of homing pigeons (Columba livia), using the fine-scale variations in flight height as a proxy for turbulence levels. Birds showed a small increase in their wingbeat amplitude with increasing turbulence (similar to laboratory studies), but this was accompanied by a reduction in mean wingbeat frequency, such that their flapping wing speed remained the same. Mean kinematic responses to turbulence may therefore enable birds to increase their stability without a reduction in propulsive efficiency. Nonetheless, the most marked response to turbulence was an increase in the variability of wingbeat frequency and amplitude. These stroke-to-stroke changes in kinematics provide instantaneous compensation for turbulence. They will also increase flight costs. Yet pigeons only made small adjustments to their flight altitude, likely resulting in little change in exposure to strong convective turbulence. Responses to turbulence were therefore distinct from responses to wind, with the costs of high turbulence being levied through an increase in the variability of their kinematics and airspeed. This highlights the value of investigating the variability in flight parameters in free-living animals.
published_date 2024-03-20T13:57:04Z
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score 11.037581

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