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Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review

Ali Esmaeili, Deepak George, Ian Masters Orcid Logo, Mokarram Hossain Orcid Logo

Polymer Testing, Volume: 128, Start page: 108246

Swansea University Authors: Ian Masters Orcid Logo, Mokarram Hossain Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108246

Abstract

Soft polymeric materials such as elastomers and hydrogels have played a significant role in recent interdisciplinary research. They are subjected to large stretch and high cyclic loading-unloading conditions where the typical loading mode is biaxial rather than simple uniaxial loading thus, necessit...

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Published in: Polymer Testing
ISSN: 0142-9418
Published: Elsevier BV 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa64817
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They are subjected to large stretch and high cyclic loading-unloading conditions where the typical loading mode is biaxial rather than simple uniaxial loading thus, necessitating further characterization using biaxial loading conditions and subsequently developing robust and versatile numerical models. Although many standards were prepared for common uniaxial tests in situ elastomers including tensile, shear, and fatigue tests, no specific standardized guidelines were prepared to be employed for the biaxial characterization of elastomers and hydrogels. There existed limited works on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers, thus making it difficult to identify which configurations and results are more reliable. Hence, there were huge discrepancies in the existing literature for biaxial tests in terms of sample configurations (square or cruciform specimens), dimensions, and test setups including strain rate, pre-loading, equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial tests. Therefore, this paper is aimed at reviewing the published studies on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers in several aspects including (i) sample configurations in terms of geometry and dimension (ii) biaxiality degree of tested specimens where sample should be optimized to reach proper biaxiality, i.e., larger area with homogenous strain distribution in the middle with respect to the edges, (iii) test procedure for the biaxial characterization including strain amplitude, strain rate and loading patterns (iv) a brief review on inflation test of elastomers which was the most common equi-biaxial test studied in the literature. The largest and smallest cruciform samples with the dimensions of 165 × 165 mm2 and 38 × 38 mm2 were used, respectively, while a small sample of 7 × 7 mm2 and large one of 70 × 70 mm2 were also employed for the square specimen. Various test parameters and materials were used for the biaxial characterization. This necessitates the importance of preparing a standardized methodology for the biaxial characterization of elastomers based on intended materials and applications. Hence, a few potential geometries based on the optimization performed in the literature were suggested for future investigations in which numerous examinations using different materials and test parameters shall be conducted to reach an ideal sample configuration and methodology for the biaxial characterization of soft polymeric materials.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Polymer Testing</journal><volume>128</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>108246</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0142-9418</issnPrint><issnElectronic/><keywords>Elastomeric polymers, Hydrogels, Biaxial test, Digital image correlation, Cruciform geometry, Sample optimization</keywords><publishedDay>27</publishedDay><publishedMonth>10</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2023</publishedYear><publishedDate>2023-10-27</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108246</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>ACEM</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>External research funder(s) paid the OA fee (includes OA grants disbursed by the Library)</apcterm><funders>EPSRC, Supergen ORE Hub (EP/S000747/1)</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-10-18T17:12:42.3238933</lastEdited><Created>2023-10-25T09:34:25.4007103</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Ali</firstname><surname>Esmaeili</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Deepak</firstname><surname>George</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Ian</firstname><surname>Masters</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7667-6670</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Mokarram</firstname><surname>Hossain</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4616-1104</orcid><order>4</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>64817__28947__6d3d795778494458a4f702376975f2c1.pdf</filename><originalFilename>64817.VOR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2023-11-06T17:46:13.6521107</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>36485483</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>© 2023 The Authors. 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spelling v2 64817 2023-10-25 Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review 6fa19551092853928cde0e6d5fac48a1 0000-0001-7667-6670 Ian Masters Ian Masters true false 140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd 0000-0002-4616-1104 Mokarram Hossain Mokarram Hossain true false 2023-10-25 ACEM Soft polymeric materials such as elastomers and hydrogels have played a significant role in recent interdisciplinary research. They are subjected to large stretch and high cyclic loading-unloading conditions where the typical loading mode is biaxial rather than simple uniaxial loading thus, necessitating further characterization using biaxial loading conditions and subsequently developing robust and versatile numerical models. Although many standards were prepared for common uniaxial tests in situ elastomers including tensile, shear, and fatigue tests, no specific standardized guidelines were prepared to be employed for the biaxial characterization of elastomers and hydrogels. There existed limited works on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers, thus making it difficult to identify which configurations and results are more reliable. Hence, there were huge discrepancies in the existing literature for biaxial tests in terms of sample configurations (square or cruciform specimens), dimensions, and test setups including strain rate, pre-loading, equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial tests. Therefore, this paper is aimed at reviewing the published studies on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers in several aspects including (i) sample configurations in terms of geometry and dimension (ii) biaxiality degree of tested specimens where sample should be optimized to reach proper biaxiality, i.e., larger area with homogenous strain distribution in the middle with respect to the edges, (iii) test procedure for the biaxial characterization including strain amplitude, strain rate and loading patterns (iv) a brief review on inflation test of elastomers which was the most common equi-biaxial test studied in the literature. The largest and smallest cruciform samples with the dimensions of 165 × 165 mm2 and 38 × 38 mm2 were used, respectively, while a small sample of 7 × 7 mm2 and large one of 70 × 70 mm2 were also employed for the square specimen. Various test parameters and materials were used for the biaxial characterization. This necessitates the importance of preparing a standardized methodology for the biaxial characterization of elastomers based on intended materials and applications. Hence, a few potential geometries based on the optimization performed in the literature were suggested for future investigations in which numerous examinations using different materials and test parameters shall be conducted to reach an ideal sample configuration and methodology for the biaxial characterization of soft polymeric materials. Journal Article Polymer Testing 128 108246 Elsevier BV 0142-9418 Elastomeric polymers, Hydrogels, Biaxial test, Digital image correlation, Cruciform geometry, Sample optimization 27 10 2023 2023-10-27 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108246 COLLEGE NANME Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE ACEM Swansea University External research funder(s) paid the OA fee (includes OA grants disbursed by the Library) EPSRC, Supergen ORE Hub (EP/S000747/1) 2024-10-18T17:12:42.3238933 2023-10-25T09:34:25.4007103 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering Ali Esmaeili 1 Deepak George 2 Ian Masters 0000-0001-7667-6670 3 Mokarram Hossain 0000-0002-4616-1104 4 64817__28947__6d3d795778494458a4f702376975f2c1.pdf 64817.VOR.pdf 2023-11-06T17:46:13.6521107 Output 36485483 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 CC-BY Licence. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
spellingShingle Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
Ian Masters
Mokarram Hossain
title_short Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
title_full Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
title_fullStr Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
title_full_unstemmed Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
title_sort Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
author_id_str_mv 6fa19551092853928cde0e6d5fac48a1
140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd
author_id_fullname_str_mv 6fa19551092853928cde0e6d5fac48a1_***_Ian Masters
140f4aa5c5ec18ec173c8542a7fddafd_***_Mokarram Hossain
author Ian Masters
Mokarram Hossain
author2 Ali Esmaeili
Deepak George
Ian Masters
Mokarram Hossain
format Journal article
container_title Polymer Testing
container_volume 128
container_start_page 108246
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 0142-9418
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108246
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering
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description Soft polymeric materials such as elastomers and hydrogels have played a significant role in recent interdisciplinary research. They are subjected to large stretch and high cyclic loading-unloading conditions where the typical loading mode is biaxial rather than simple uniaxial loading thus, necessitating further characterization using biaxial loading conditions and subsequently developing robust and versatile numerical models. Although many standards were prepared for common uniaxial tests in situ elastomers including tensile, shear, and fatigue tests, no specific standardized guidelines were prepared to be employed for the biaxial characterization of elastomers and hydrogels. There existed limited works on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers, thus making it difficult to identify which configurations and results are more reliable. Hence, there were huge discrepancies in the existing literature for biaxial tests in terms of sample configurations (square or cruciform specimens), dimensions, and test setups including strain rate, pre-loading, equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial tests. Therefore, this paper is aimed at reviewing the published studies on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers in several aspects including (i) sample configurations in terms of geometry and dimension (ii) biaxiality degree of tested specimens where sample should be optimized to reach proper biaxiality, i.e., larger area with homogenous strain distribution in the middle with respect to the edges, (iii) test procedure for the biaxial characterization including strain amplitude, strain rate and loading patterns (iv) a brief review on inflation test of elastomers which was the most common equi-biaxial test studied in the literature. The largest and smallest cruciform samples with the dimensions of 165 × 165 mm2 and 38 × 38 mm2 were used, respectively, while a small sample of 7 × 7 mm2 and large one of 70 × 70 mm2 were also employed for the square specimen. Various test parameters and materials were used for the biaxial characterization. This necessitates the importance of preparing a standardized methodology for the biaxial characterization of elastomers based on intended materials and applications. Hence, a few potential geometries based on the optimization performed in the literature were suggested for future investigations in which numerous examinations using different materials and test parameters shall be conducted to reach an ideal sample configuration and methodology for the biaxial characterization of soft polymeric materials.
published_date 2023-10-27T17:12:40Z
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