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Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review

John Manning, B. Fink

Early Human Development, Volume: 183, Start page: 105799

Swansea University Author: John Manning

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799

Abstract

The challenges of terrestrial existence may mean that the early development of tetrapod limb traits is linked to the development of the urogenital system and sex steroids. One such limb trait is the sex-dependent ratio of the lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D). Direct evidence for the associa...

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Published in: Early Human Development
ISSN: 0378-3782
Published: Elsevier BV 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63631
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first_indexed 2023-06-21T13:28:12Z
last_indexed 2023-06-21T13:28:12Z
id cronfa63631
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spelling v2 63631 2023-06-13 Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8 John Manning John Manning true false 2023-06-13 FGSEN The challenges of terrestrial existence may mean that the early development of tetrapod limb traits is linked to the development of the urogenital system and sex steroids. One such limb trait is the sex-dependent ratio of the lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D). Direct evidence for the association between early sex steroids and offspring 2D:4D can be obtained by manipulating foetal sex hormones. However, this is not ethically permissible in humans. It is widely accepted that 2D:4D is a biomarker for early foetal sex hormones in tetrapods but the link in humans remains controversial. Here we review the evidence that (i) manipulation of sex steroids in early development leads to sex-dependent changes in 2D:4D throughout the tetrapods, and (ii) maternal sex steroids cross the placenta and thus are associated with offspring 2D:4D in both non-human and human animals. We suggest a research focus on associations between human maternal sex steroids and offspring 2D:4D to clarify the link between 2D:4D and early sex steroids. A protocol is proposed to examine the correlation between 1st-trimester maternal sex steroids and offspring 2D:4D. Such an association may explain the existence and medium effect size of the human sex difference in 2D:4D. Journal Article Early Human Development 183 105799 Elsevier BV 0378-3782 Digit ratio; 2D:4D; SexSteroids; Prenatal; Development; Pregnancy 1 8 2023 2023-08-01 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799 COLLEGE NANME Science and Engineering - Faculty COLLEGE CODE FGSEN Swansea University 2023-06-21T14:28:12.0897405 2023-06-13T14:09:46.2752859 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences John Manning 1 B. Fink 2
title Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review
spellingShingle Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review
John Manning
title_short Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review
title_full Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review
title_fullStr Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review
title_full_unstemmed Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review
title_sort Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: A mini-review
author_id_str_mv d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8
author_id_fullname_str_mv d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8_***_John Manning
author John Manning
author2 John Manning
B. Fink
format Journal article
container_title Early Human Development
container_volume 183
container_start_page 105799
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 0378-3782
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799
document_store_str 0
active_str 0
description The challenges of terrestrial existence may mean that the early development of tetrapod limb traits is linked to the development of the urogenital system and sex steroids. One such limb trait is the sex-dependent ratio of the lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D). Direct evidence for the association between early sex steroids and offspring 2D:4D can be obtained by manipulating foetal sex hormones. However, this is not ethically permissible in humans. It is widely accepted that 2D:4D is a biomarker for early foetal sex hormones in tetrapods but the link in humans remains controversial. Here we review the evidence that (i) manipulation of sex steroids in early development leads to sex-dependent changes in 2D:4D throughout the tetrapods, and (ii) maternal sex steroids cross the placenta and thus are associated with offspring 2D:4D in both non-human and human animals. We suggest a research focus on associations between human maternal sex steroids and offspring 2D:4D to clarify the link between 2D:4D and early sex steroids. A protocol is proposed to examine the correlation between 1st-trimester maternal sex steroids and offspring 2D:4D. Such an association may explain the existence and medium effect size of the human sex difference in 2D:4D.
published_date 2023-08-01T14:28:12Z
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score 11.013686

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