Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed

Thomas, Nathan J.; Tang, Kam; Coates, Christopher

doi:10.3390/aquacj3020013

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Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed

Nathan J. Thomas

, Kam Tang

, Christopher Coates

Aquaculture Journal, Volume: 3, Issue: 2, Pages: 149 - 167

Swansea University Authors: Kam Tang , Christopher Coates

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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/aquacj3020013

Abstract

Symsagittifera roscoffensis is an intertidal Acoel flatworm that forms a symbiotic relationshipwith the alga Tetraselmis convolutae. Members of the genus Tetraselmis are known to have a high nutritionalvalue and have been widely used to enrich intermediate prey for fish within the aquacultureindustr...

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Published in:	Aquaculture Journal
ISSN:	2673-9496
Published:	MDPI AG 2023
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63540
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first_indexed	2023-05-27T07:09:10Z
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Members of the genus Tetraselmis are known to have a high nutritionalvalue and have been widely used to enrich intermediate prey for fish within the aquacultureindustry; therefore, S. roscoffensis could be a good candidate as a trophic shortcut to deliver algalnutrition to fish. In this study, we investigated the likelihood of five ornamental tropical freshwaterand six ornamental marine fishes to consume this worm, either as live feed or in freeze-dried form. Wealso tested the ability of S. roscoffensis to form a symbiotic relationship with alternative algal species,analysing the nutritional profile of S. roscoffensis when grown in different media. All the experimentalfish consumed live worms to some degree, with the exception of one species (Meiacanthus grammistes);the response time to the worms ranged from 1.1–68.6 s for freshwater ornamental species to 1–24 s formarine ornamental species, and in most cases, this was comparable to or shorter than their responsetime to the reference diet Artemia. The fishes showed no negative effects after consuming the worms.We obtained similar results with freeze-dried worms in terms of the number of worms eaten, responsetime, and feeding time. Symsagittifera roscoffensis was able to form a symbiotic relationship withall the tested algal species of the genus Tetraselmis, but not with members of other genera. Wormsgrown in nutrient media (f/2 and f/4) had significantly higher contents of protein, pigments, andtotal and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n 3) and -linolenicacid (18:3n 3), than those grown in seawater. 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spelling	v2 63540 2023-05-27 Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed 69af43a3b9da24aef65c5d3a44956fe3 0000-0001-9427-9564 Kam Tang Kam Tang true false af160934b75bea5b8ba83d68b3d1a003 Christopher Coates Christopher Coates true false 2023-05-27 SBI Symsagittifera roscoffensis is an intertidal Acoel flatworm that forms a symbiotic relationshipwith the alga Tetraselmis convolutae. Members of the genus Tetraselmis are known to have a high nutritionalvalue and have been widely used to enrich intermediate prey for fish within the aquacultureindustry; therefore, S. roscoffensis could be a good candidate as a trophic shortcut to deliver algalnutrition to fish. In this study, we investigated the likelihood of five ornamental tropical freshwaterand six ornamental marine fishes to consume this worm, either as live feed or in freeze-dried form. Wealso tested the ability of S. roscoffensis to form a symbiotic relationship with alternative algal species,analysing the nutritional profile of S. roscoffensis when grown in different media. All the experimentalfish consumed live worms to some degree, with the exception of one species (Meiacanthus grammistes);the response time to the worms ranged from 1.1–68.6 s for freshwater ornamental species to 1–24 s formarine ornamental species, and in most cases, this was comparable to or shorter than their responsetime to the reference diet Artemia. The fishes showed no negative effects after consuming the worms.We obtained similar results with freeze-dried worms in terms of the number of worms eaten, responsetime, and feeding time. Symsagittifera roscoffensis was able to form a symbiotic relationship withall the tested algal species of the genus Tetraselmis, but not with members of other genera. Wormsgrown in nutrient media (f/2 and f/4) had significantly higher contents of protein, pigments, andtotal and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n 3) and -linolenicacid (18:3n 3), than those grown in seawater. These results show that S. roscoffensis was acceptableto many ornamental fish species, delivering key algal ingredients that are beneficial to fish health;hence, it is a promising alternative to conventional fish feeds for the ornamental pet trade. Journal Article Aquaculture Journal 3 2 149 167 MDPI AG 2673-9496 photosymbiosis; acoel worm; ornamental fish; nutrition; algal switching; fish health 26 5 2023 2023-05-26 10.3390/aquacj3020013 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aquacj3020013 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences COLLEGE CODE SBI Swansea University Other RWIF (RIG1036-125) 2023-06-13T14:40:52.4212761 2023-05-27T08:02:39.9762430 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Nathan J. Thomas 0000-0002-7539-3123 1 Kam Tang 0000-0001-9427-9564 2 Christopher Coates 3 63540__27623__5b3484b36315449ab205f1cc8527d997.pdf AquacJ_3.pdf 2023-05-27T08:08:22.1625591 Output 5566203 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
title	Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed
spellingShingle	Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed Kam Tang Christopher Coates
title_short	Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed
title_full	Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed
title_fullStr	Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed
title_full_unstemmed	Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed
title_sort	Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed
author_id_str_mv	69af43a3b9da24aef65c5d3a44956fe3 af160934b75bea5b8ba83d68b3d1a003
author_id_fullname_str_mv	69af43a3b9da24aef65c5d3a44956fe3_*_Kam Tang af160934b75bea5b8ba83d68b3d1a003_*_Christopher Coates
author	Kam Tang Christopher Coates
author2	Nathan J. Thomas Kam Tang Christopher Coates
format	Journal article
container_title	Aquaculture Journal
container_volume	3
container_issue	2
container_start_page	149
publishDate	2023
institution	Swansea University
issn	2673-9496
doi_str_mv	10.3390/aquacj3020013
publisher	MDPI AG
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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department_str	School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
url	http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aquacj3020013
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description	Symsagittifera roscoffensis is an intertidal Acoel flatworm that forms a symbiotic relationshipwith the alga Tetraselmis convolutae. Members of the genus Tetraselmis are known to have a high nutritionalvalue and have been widely used to enrich intermediate prey for fish within the aquacultureindustry; therefore, S. roscoffensis could be a good candidate as a trophic shortcut to deliver algalnutrition to fish. In this study, we investigated the likelihood of five ornamental tropical freshwaterand six ornamental marine fishes to consume this worm, either as live feed or in freeze-dried form. Wealso tested the ability of S. roscoffensis to form a symbiotic relationship with alternative algal species,analysing the nutritional profile of S. roscoffensis when grown in different media. All the experimentalfish consumed live worms to some degree, with the exception of one species (Meiacanthus grammistes);the response time to the worms ranged from 1.1–68.6 s for freshwater ornamental species to 1–24 s formarine ornamental species, and in most cases, this was comparable to or shorter than their responsetime to the reference diet Artemia. The fishes showed no negative effects after consuming the worms.We obtained similar results with freeze-dried worms in terms of the number of worms eaten, responsetime, and feeding time. Symsagittifera roscoffensis was able to form a symbiotic relationship withall the tested algal species of the genus Tetraselmis, but not with members of other genera. Wormsgrown in nutrient media (f/2 and f/4) had significantly higher contents of protein, pigments, andtotal and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n 3) and -linolenicacid (18:3n 3), than those grown in seawater. These results show that S. roscoffensis was acceptableto many ornamental fish species, delivering key algal ingredients that are beneficial to fish health;hence, it is a promising alternative to conventional fish feeds for the ornamental pet trade.
published_date	2023-05-26T14:40:51Z
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Prospecting the Photosynthetic Flatworm Symsagittifera roscoffensis as a Novel Fish-Feed

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